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 <pubDate>10 Jun 2004 04:00:00 GMT</pubDate>
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<item><title>2009 in the mirror: Obama's Nobel Peace Prize</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=82</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Text written for the Ideas for Change blog, published in January 2010</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>One of the events of 2009</strong> that I found to be among the more surprising, was the decision by the Nobel Peace Prize Committee to award Barack Obama the Peace Prize. The man had barely been in office for one year when he was awarded and the most he had achieved in the area of peace was to formulate an initiative for nuclear disarmament. Was the state of the world really so awful that there was now only good intentions left to promote?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Some voices were fiercely critical of the decision. The Irish peace campaigner and 1976 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Mairead Corrigan Maguire was quoted in a New York Times article as saying: "They say this is for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and co-operation between peoples, and yet he continues the policy of militarism and occupation of Afghanistan, instead of dialogue and negotiation with all parties to the conflict. ... The Nobel committee has not met the conditions of Alfred Nobel's will, where he stipulates it is to be awarded to those who work for an end to militarism and war and for disarmament."</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">The committee obviously wanted to influence future events, a "preemptive peace strike" if you like, but what they got was instead a decision by their laureate to increase US troops in Afghanistan only weeks after the prize ceremony. It started to smell like a major embarrassment for the people in Oslo.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It is not the first time that the The Nobel Peace Prize Committee is in the eye of the storm, but what seems at first sight to be an institution that has lost its compass, may actually be an institution in perfect sync with its time. A quick look at the list of laureates reveals that it has seldom in recent years awarded individuals or organizations where peace is at the core activity or issue (with the shining exception of the Finnish mediator Martti Ahtisaari in 2008). Undoubtedly Grameen Bank, Al Gore or Wangari Maathai deserve awards for their work, but what the committee actually states between the lines by constantly refraining from giving the prize to peace organizations is that there are none worthy the prize. Or even worse: that it is undesirable to work for peace in an organized manner. I have to go back over twenty years, to 1997 and the International Campaign to Ban Land Mines, to find a good example. Surely there must be other similar organizations whose actions have made an impact during the last twenty years? I can think of a few.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I would say that this tendency is quite symptomatic for our time, in which the peace efforts worthy of promotion seem to be such that are handled by armies or police forces, trough "humanitarian intervention", with "peace-keeping" and "rapid deployment" as keywords. The Orwellian newspeak classic "war is peace" has perhaps never seemed more relevant than today where peace is "waged" trough warfare, where peace no longer seems to be synonymous with non-violence, disarmament and peace building.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">It was when I visited the Nobel Peace Prize Gallery at <a href="http://www.war-memorial.net/Le-M&eacute;morial-in-Caen---Narratives-of-War-and-Peace--2.98" target="_blank">Le M&eacute;morial</a> in the French city Caen in August that I was first struck by this ambiguous approach to the issue of peace. Right from the start the Peace Prize Committee awarded military people such as Theodore Roosevelt, who received the prize in 1906, side by side with pacifists and humanitarians, such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_Ossietzky" target="_blank">Carl von Ossietsky</a>, the German journalist who became a pacifist after the first world war and who subsequently promoted peace relentlessly trough activism and his writing (When he <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1935/index.html" target="_blank">received the prize in 1935</a> he was  incarcerated by the Nazis and could not come to Oslo. He died three years later from the tuberculosis he retrieved in the concentration camps). In reality the Nobel Peace Prize never was a stand for pacifism, even though pacifists were sometimes awarded. But that was quite a long time ago.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Some, as Scott Horton in <a href="http://www.harpers.org/archive/2009/10/hbc-90005893" target="_blank">Harper's Magazine</a>, sides with the people in Oslo in when it comes to Obama being given the prize. I don't. Instead I ask myself why it seems so difficult to promote the Ossietsky's of today.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>More reading</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">About Ossietsky at nobelprize.org: <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1935/press.html" target="_blank">Award Ceremony Speech</a>, <a href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1935/ossietzky-bio.html" target="_blank">biography</a></p>
<p><strong>Photo</strong></p>
<p>Carl von Ossietsky in a concentration camp. Source: Deutsche Bundesarkiv.				 					 				  From <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R70579,_Carl_von_Ossietzky_im_KZ.jpg" target="_blank">wikimedia commons</a>, licence <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en" target="_blank">cc-by-sa 3.0 de</a></p>]]></description><pubDate>26 Oct 2011 23:14:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=82</guid></item>
<item><title>Demokratin och den konstn&#228;rliga friheten - f&#246;r OBS P1</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=81</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>Article for Swedish Radio P1 OBS, and their jubilee week.&nbsp;<br />By Jon Brunberg. Broadcasted on April 12 2009. Text in Swedish.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sverigesradio.se/webbradio/?type=broadcast&amp;id=2306637" target="_blank">Listen to the broadcast (in Swedish)</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Den tyska grundlagen, <em>Grundgesetz f&uuml;r die Bundesrepublik Deutschland</em>, har en intressant formulering i artikel 20. I den ges alla tyskar r&auml;tten att g&ouml;ra motst&aring;nd mot varje person som f&ouml;rs&ouml;ker att upph&auml;va det demokratiska styrelseskicket. F&ouml;r mig &auml;r den en p&aring;minnelse om att demokrati inte &auml;r n&aring;got som man kan, eller b&ouml;r, ta f&ouml;r givet.</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I samband med den senaste tidens debatter om konst och yttrandefrihet har jag &aring;terv&auml;nt till den tyska grundlagen f&ouml;r att se vad den s&auml;ger om den konstn&auml;rliga friheten. I artikel 5 st&aring;r det att "konst och vetenskap, forskning och undervisning vara skall vara fri."</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Det &auml;r en kraftfull formulering som jag tycker placerar konsten i ett b&auml;ttre sammanhang, &auml;n t.ex. den svenska yttrandefrihetsgrundlagen, som bland annat har till &auml;ndam&aring;l att s&auml;kra ett fritt konstn&auml;rligt skapande, men som i huvudsak handlar om radio och tv.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Kanske beror skillnaderna mellan de tv&aring; grundlagarna p&aring; Tyskarnas s&auml;rskilda erfarenheter av hur statsmakten f&ouml;rs&ouml;kt att kontrollera konsten f&ouml;r sina syften. Nazisternas kulturpolitik framst&aring;r i dag som ett av de mer &aring;sk&aring;dligg&ouml;rande exemplen p&aring; vad som kan h&auml;nda om en stat f&ouml;rs&ouml;ker att upph&ouml;ja en viss estetik till lag. Den konst som Nazisterna ogillade och betecknade som urartad, konfiskerades och br&auml;ndes. De konstn&auml;rer som inte godk&auml;ndes smutskastades och belades med n&auml;ringsf&ouml;rbud. Det finns otaliga andra, liknande exempel, b&aring;de fr&aring;n historien och samtiden.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Det &auml;r med andra ord inte konstigt att demokratiska stater valt att skydda den fria konsten i sina grundlagar. Samtidigt uppst&aring;r dilemmat hur statsmakten skall kunna st&ouml;dja konst och konstn&auml;rer utan att anklagas f&ouml;r politisk styrning av kulturen.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I Sverige har l&ouml;sningen sedan l&auml;nge varit att st&ouml;det ges p&aring;, som det heter, "arml&auml;ngds avst&aring;nd". Det &auml;r med andra ord inte politikerna som skall avg&ouml;ra vilken konst som skall premieras utan s&auml;rskilda myndigheter och sakkunniga. Jag tycker att principen fungerar utm&auml;rkt och att Svenska politiker, i det stora hela, &auml;r bra p&aring; att l&aring;ta bli att blanda sig i fr&aring;gor som direkt ber&ouml;r konsten.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">D&aring; oroar jag mig betydligt mer f&ouml;r sj&auml;lva k&auml;rnfr&aring;gan: den Europeiska demokratins vara. M&aring;nga har dragit paralleller mellan dagens krisande Europa och 1930 &aring;rs version. En j&auml;mf&ouml;relse som ger obehagliga associationer.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Just d&auml;rf&ouml;r kan jag tycka att det &auml;r bekl&auml;mmande att den konstn&auml;rliga friheten i bland slarvas bort n&auml;r yttrandefrihetsfr&aring;gor debatteras. Jag &auml;r den f&ouml;rste att tillst&aring; att  konstn&auml;rer har ett moraliskt ansvar f&ouml;r sina verk, men om vi i debattens hetta blandar ihop ansvarsfr&aring;gan med grundlagens skydd av det konstn&auml;rliga skapandet, s&aring; riskerar vi att dribbla bort oss s&aring; till den milda grad att det i st&auml;llet framst&aring;r som om vi helst vill f&ouml;rbjuda en viss typ av konst bara f&ouml;r att den av n&aring;gon anledning &auml;r obekv&auml;m. Det &auml;r ett praktfullt sj&auml;lvm&aring;l f&ouml;r den som anser sig vara demokrat.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Om politiker och politiska debatt&ouml;rer b&ouml;rjar ropa p&aring; att utst&auml;llningar eller f&ouml;rest&auml;llningar skall st&auml;ngas d&auml;rf&ouml;r att man anser att konsten &auml;r osedlig, osvensk, ofolklig, provokativ, eller vad det nu kan vara, s&aring; kan vi vara s&auml;kra p&aring; att vi &auml;r en bra bit p&aring; v&auml;g bort fr&aring;n ett samh&auml;lle pr&auml;glat av &ouml;ppenhet, pluralism och demokrati.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">N&auml;r Vilhelm Moberg g&aring;r i f&ouml;rsvar f&ouml;r teaterns frihet i inslaget i OBS 1967 s&aring; kan jag kan utan vidare inst&auml;mma helt och fullt med honom, utan att egentligen beh&ouml;va veta n&aring;gonting om pj&auml;sen som f&ouml;rsvaret g&auml;ller.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Som jag ser det, handlar n&auml;mligen den konstn&auml;rliga friheten inte bara om r&auml;tten att kunna v&auml;lja om en m&aring;lning skall vara gr&ouml;n eller bl&aring;. Den &auml;r ocks&aring; ett m&aring;tt p&aring; hur v&auml;l demokratin fungerar i ett samh&auml;lle.</p>]]></description><pubDate>26 Oct 2011 22:33:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=81</guid></item>
<item><title>Power People </title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=80</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Ett samtal med Annika Drougge och Johan Malmstr&ouml;m</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><em>F&ouml;rst publicerat som en v&auml;ggtidning p&aring; konstevenemanget "Protest Bar" p&aring; Artnode i Stockholm 2001. Texten har redigerats n&aring;got.</em></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Annika Drougge och Johan Malmstr&ouml;m har arbetat sedan 1995 med att skapa olika sociala och interaktiva verk d&auml;r de griper in i m&auml;nniskors vardag p&aring; ett radikalt s&auml;tt, fj&auml;rran fr&aring;n det traditionella konstobjektets dom&auml;ner. Deras verk handlar ofta om att ta ett samh&auml;llsansvar, att lyfta fram ett demokratiskt t&auml;nkande och att detronisera makten. Att g&ouml;ra den fattbar och &ouml;versk&aring;dlig. De v&auml;nder sig d&auml;rmed b&aring;de till de som st&aring;r l&auml;gst i den m&auml;nskliga hierarkin till de som har v&auml;rldsmakt. Jag tr&auml;ffar Annika och Johan p&aring; SOC [1] i Stockholm, en lokal p&aring; Bondegatan i Stockholm som hyser konstn&auml;rsgruppen med samma namn, som vi tre &auml;r medlemmar av, f&ouml;r att prata om deras verk "People in power" och f&ouml;rs&ouml;ka r&auml;ta ut en del fr&aring;getecken r&ouml;rande begreppet politisk konst.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: I ert verk "People in Power" finns det visserligen poetiska inslag, men jag tycker inte att de &auml;r s&aring; framtr&auml;dande. Snarare att finns det en v&auml;ldigt praktisk sida av verket, i det att ni uppmanar folk att ta kontakt med dem som har makten. Att ni ber&auml;ttar f&ouml;r vem som helst oavsett politisk &aring;sk&aring;dning var makten finns.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Samtidigt tycker jag att det finns ett slags poesi eller en &ouml;ppning i det att man mentalt &auml;r medskapare i people in power. I det att det &auml;r en &ouml;ppen utsaga.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi skulle inte s&auml;ga att det &auml;r politisk konst, eller g&aring; ut med det i v&aring;ra presentationer, men det finns absolut b&aring;de politiska och poetiska inslag i "People in Power".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Det handlar snarare om att vi utforskar samh&auml;llsfr&aring;gor och att vi &auml;r nyfikna p&aring; v&auml;rlden omkring oss, men samtidigt &auml;r det inte s&auml;kert att den &ouml;verbyggnad som vi skapat finns tillg&auml;nglig, som n&auml;r vi l&auml;mnade ut v&aring;ra T-shirts okommenterade i aff&auml;rer. D&aring; &auml;r det en helt &ouml;ppen utsaga, k&ouml;paren konfronteras bara med en adress och &auml;r inte s&auml;ker p&aring; vad det &auml;r f&ouml;r sorts adress.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi k&ouml;pte T-shirts i fem butiker och tryckte adresser p&aring; dem men beh&ouml;ll prism&auml;rkningen s&aring; att vi kunde h&auml;nga tillbaks dem med en adress p&aring;. S&aring; vi sm&ouml;g in dem igen i konsumtionsomloppet mitt i julruschen.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag tyckte det fanns n&aring;got kittlande i att inte veta vilken mottagaren skulle bli. Vi visste att n&aring;gon skulle f&aring; konfronteras med verket. Antingen  en butiksansvarig eller en kund som m&aring;ste ta st&auml;llning till vad de ser.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Hur b&ouml;rjade ni arbeta med People in Power?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det startade med att vi ville kartl&auml;gga alla stats&ouml;verhuvuden f&ouml;r att sj&auml;lva f&aring; en bild &ouml;ver makten, eller &ouml;ver en symbolisk makt, f&ouml;r en del stats&ouml;verhuvuden har ju ingen makt alls, s&aring; det b&ouml;rjar ju gunga redan d&auml;r egentligen. Vi planerade andra verk som handlade om att vi skulle ha mentala m&ouml;ten med alla stats&ouml;verhuvuden och d&auml;r tror jag tankarna b&ouml;rjade om m&ouml;jligheten att f&aring; en personlig relation till statscheferna. Det h&auml;r mentala m&ouml;tet med dem innebar att de skulle monteras ned fr&aring;n sin position.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Vi var i tv&aring; dagar p&aring; Utrikespolitiska Institutet och sammanst&auml;llde en lista, f&ouml;r vi kunde inte hitta en lista p&aring; adresser som var helt&auml;ckande f&ouml;r alla l&auml;nder i hela v&auml;rlden. Det var en r&auml;tt h&auml;ftig upplevelse faktiskt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi fick sl&aring; i tv&aring; olika b&ouml;cker f&ouml;r att hitta de adresser vi beh&ouml;vde. N&aring;got som var roligt var att under varje stats&ouml;verhuvud s&aring; fanns det en liten rubrik med fritidsintressen. Mitt uppe i det politiskt h&ouml;gtravande s&aring; stod det till exempel; fotboll, tr&auml;dg&aring;rdssk&ouml;tsel, golf etc. Det gjorde att de blev lite mer personliga.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Titeln "People in Power" handlar ju inte n&ouml;dv&auml;ndigtvis om de personer som representeras p&aring; tr&ouml;jorna,</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Att vara en m&auml;nniska med makt handlar mycket om attityd. Om jag anser att jag kan skriva till en statschef eller uttrycka min &aring;sikt n&auml;r jag vill och att ingen person &auml;r f&ouml;r h&ouml;g eller f&ouml;r l&aring;g f&ouml;r att kontakta d&aring; har man ett slags makt. D&aring; &auml;r man people in power.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Sen fick vi en inblick i hur makten f&ouml;r&auml;ndras hela tiden. Vi var tvungna att uppdatera adresslistan hela tiden eftersom vi skulle visa verket p&aring; olika st&auml;llen och vi var tvungna ha en f&auml;rsk lista varje g&aring;ng, och vi blev v&auml;ldigt observanta p&aring; alla val som f&ouml;rsigg&aring;r hela tiden, vem som tog makten och hur det gick till. Vi fick en liten politisk skolning p&aring; k&ouml;pet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag trodde ju n&auml;r vi hade gjort den h&auml;r listan, att vi hade gjort ett tungt dokument, men det &auml;ndrades ju hela tiden och det kr&auml;vdes ett heltidsprojekt f&ouml;r att uppdatera det.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Varf&ouml;r valde ni att trycka adresserna p&aring; t-shirts?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det finns en funktionell grund som &auml;r ganska oproblematisk. Texten sitter n&auml;ra hj&auml;rtat, man kunde genom t-shirten v&auml;lja att prata om en diktator eller ett ok&auml;nt land, och den blev som ett slags marknadsf&ouml;ring och fungerade som en annonspelare, en annonsyta.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Man skulle kunna skicka sig sj&auml;lv. I och med adressen p&aring; br&ouml;stet &auml;r man adresserad till n&aring;gon.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Jag tror att vi f&ouml;rh&ouml;ll oss till konstv&auml;rlden p&aring; s&aring; s&auml;tt att vi hade en v&auml;ldigt billig produkt eftersom vi s&aring;lde t-shirtarna f&ouml;r samma pris som en t-shirt kostar i butiken, ca 130 kr. Vi ville att det skulle vara l&auml;ttillg&auml;ngligt och m&ouml;jligt f&ouml;r alla att k&ouml;pa, och vi st&auml;llde oss d&auml;rmed emot h&ouml;gt v&auml;rderade konstobjekt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Vi h&auml;ngde alla t-shirts, ungef&auml;r tv&aring;hundra, p&aring; en rund kl&auml;dst&auml;llning som vi &aring;kte runt med p&aring; n&aring;gra marknader, framf&ouml;r allt i Malm&ouml;, men vi lyckades inte s&auml;lja en enda. D&auml;remot blev det j&auml;kligt mycket diskussion runt verket.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: P&aring; loppmarknaden s&aring;lde vi tr&ouml;jorna f&ouml;r 50 kr styck, men det tyckte folk var alldeles f&ouml;r dyrt, och de gick mest och bl&auml;ddrade bland tr&ouml;jorna. Det h&auml;r verket har haft s&aring; m&aring;nga olika f&ouml;rgreningar, men det slutade med att vi l&auml;mnade i v&auml;g alla t-shirts till UFF-insamlingar och Stadsmissionen, f&ouml;r att de ytterligare skulle spridas &ouml;ver v&auml;rlden via hj&auml;lporganisationer. Och utanf&ouml;r v&aring;r kontroll.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag kan verkligen uppskatta det, d&auml;rf&ouml;r att det inneb&auml;r att verket finns kvar i huvudet p&aring; mig fortfarande. Finns det n&aring;gon d&auml;rute som b&auml;r p&aring; verket fortfarande och f&aring;r jag n&aring;gon g&aring;ng se det igen? Det d&auml;r &ouml;ppna f&ouml;rh&aring;llningss&auml;ttet, n&auml;r man sl&auml;pper kontrollen, skapar n&aring;gon slags energi hos en sj&auml;lv.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Vi kompletterade tr&ouml;jorna med flygblad. Vi hade tryckt upp en rej&auml;l packe av de h&auml;r adresserna som vi sen delade ut som flygblad i Bukarest. Det skapade en m&auml;rklig diskussion d&auml;r p&aring; gatorna. Dels spreds de h&auml;r adresserna helt okommenterat ut i hela tunnelbanen&auml;tet i Bukarest. De m&auml;nniskor som fick dem var v&auml;ldigt ovana vid flygblad och m&aring;nga tog det p&aring; ett v&auml;ldigt allvar. Det var v&auml;ldigt kr&auml;vande att de verkligen f&ouml;rh&ouml;ll sig till dem. De tog det inte som en ploj utan fr&aring;gade sig; vad kan jag g&ouml;ra med det h&auml;r och p&aring; vilket s&auml;tt kan jag anv&auml;nda informationen? Kan jag skriva till drottningen av England och fr&aring;ga henne om min dotter kan f&aring; &aring;ka dit och plugga? Det blev en &ouml;ppen diskussion som vi inte riktigt kunde t&auml;cka in.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: De s&aring;g er som officiella personer?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Det blev lite s&aring; som jag hade velat, att de s&aring;g informationen som en m&ouml;jlighet skriva till n&aring;gon, och inte p&aring; samma s&auml;tt som m&auml;nniskor h&auml;r i Sverige som kan koda det som konst ganska snabbt. "H&auml;r &auml;r en adress. Kan jag skriva? Vart? Varf&ouml;r?" Det var sp&auml;nnande men ocks&aring; ansvarsfullt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det blev aldrig n&aring;gonsin en diskussion kring om det var konst eller inte, utan det fungerade som en diskussion om politik, demokrati eller makten &ouml;ver sitt eget liv.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Ni gav sedan ut en en adressbok.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Ja, till Index Edition. Vi k&ouml;pte vanliga adressb&ouml;cker, alldeles normala, som vi skrev in ungef&auml;r tio adresser i. Mitt ibland kompisar och andra adresser hade man ocks&aring; access till ett antal statschefer som en liten p&aring;minnelse om den stora v&auml;rlden. Vi s&aring;lde dem till samma pris som i butiken. Index valde att visa den p&aring; m&auml;ssan det &aring;ret.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Hur har det h&auml;r verket p&aring;verkat ert fortsatta arbete?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi exponerade det i s&aring; m&aring;nga olika sammanhang. Genom etablerade institutioner, p&aring; avg&aring;ngsutst&auml;llningar. Vi var med p&aring; loppmarknader, vi gick ut i aff&auml;rer och planterade v&aring;rt verk olagligt. Vi pr&ouml;vade m&aring;nga s&auml;tt att distribuera verket p&aring;. Vi exponerade verket p&aring; offentliga platser. P&aring; n&aring;got s&auml;tt lade det grunden till att vi ville jobba v&auml;ldigt &ouml;ppet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Det var ju den tredje grejen som vi gjorde tillsammans och det var det f&ouml;rsta verket som gjorde att vi b&ouml;rjade att blicka ut&aring;t mer &auml;n tidigare. Det processinriktade som vi arbetade med i de tidigare verken v&auml;xte ut och fick mycket mer spelrum.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det faktum att vi annekterade alla v&auml;rldens stats&ouml;verhuvuden har ju ocks&aring; f&ouml;ljt med i v&aring;rt arbete, som i till exempel "Utopist-VM"[2] som i och f&ouml;r sig inte &auml;r v&aring;rt verk, men som &auml;r sprunget ur samma f&ouml;rh&aring;llningss&auml;tt. Vi drar oss inte f&ouml;r att jobba med de sammanhang som &auml;r intressanta, inget &auml;r f&ouml;r litet eller f&ouml;r stort. Vi markerar att vi jobbar globalt men jobbar v&auml;ldigt lokalt ocks&aring;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Ja extremt lokalt. Det var ju bara vi som h&ouml;ll p&aring; med ett experiment oss emellan. Det var v&auml;ldigt h&auml;ftigt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEN POLITISKA KONSTEN</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jag fr&aring;gar dem om de betraktar "People in Power" som ett politiskt verk, ivrig att f&aring; till st&aring;nd ytterligare en diskussionsv&auml;nda om politisk konst men de betonar hela tiden att deras verk inneh&aring;ller en mer &ouml;ppen sida.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag vet inte vad jag s&auml;ga om det h&auml;r med det politiska f&ouml;r jag upplever inte att det finns n&aring;got entydigt budskap i "People in Power".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi ber&ouml;r ju politiska sp&ouml;rsm&aring;l; &auml;mnen som makt, moral och media. Jag har lite sv&aring;rt att bem&ouml;ta din fr&aring;ga om vi anser att v&aring;rt verk &auml;r politiskt eller inte. Det finns politiska inslag i det vi g&ouml;r men det finns d&auml;r som ett naturligt inslag, f&ouml;r att vi p&aring; olika s&auml;tt &auml;r intresserade av politik i ett offentligt samtal om samh&auml;llsbygget. Den enklaste tolkningen &auml;r v&auml;l att det &auml;r ett politiskt verk, folk har associerat till Amnesty till exempel, n&auml;r det g&auml;ller adresslistor. Och till alla de f&ouml;rs&ouml;k som g&ouml;rs f&ouml;r att n&aring; makten, som t.ex. e-mailaktioner som riktar meddelanden till olika maktinstitutioner.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Det politiska &auml;r p&aring; n&aring;got s&auml;tt en f&ouml;ljd av att man finns i verkligheten med det man g&ouml;r. Att man &auml;r intresserad av processer. Och det relationella[3] genererar ett politiskt t&auml;nkande i sig. Vi har inte haft n&aring;got m&aring;l att f&ouml;rst och fr&auml;mst g&ouml;ra politisk konst.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: I en konstkontext tycker jag verkligen att "People in Power" &auml;r ett v&auml;ldigt direkt politiskt verk medan man i en politisk kontext s&auml;kert uppfattar det som en poetisk handling.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Dessutom s&aring; fungerar verket p&aring; olika s&auml;tt i olika milj&ouml;er. N&auml;r vi delade ut flygblad i Bukarests tunnelbana s&aring; t&auml;nkte jag p&aring; att den gesten h&auml;r i Sverige och i v&auml;st oftast betyder "McDonald's-reklam" eller "k&ouml;p n&aring;gonting", men i Rum&auml;nien, d&auml;r man har haft ett slutet samh&auml;lle med kontrollerad information, blev den gesten politisk. <br />Man kan v&auml;l s&auml;ga att om jag som konstn&auml;r &auml;r intresserad av att producera konst som bygger p&aring; mitt intresse f&ouml;r att delta i samh&auml;llet, s&aring; kanske jag redan d&auml;r blir politisk? Jag uppfattar det som att den &ouml;vriga konstkontexten kanske h&aring;ller sig i en mer sluten v&auml;rld. Bara att ha ambitionen att g&ouml;ra konst utanf&ouml;r konstkontexten, eller i dialog med konstkontexten, men inte just i deras rum, bara i det finns det en politisk laddning.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Begreppet att delta i samh&auml;llet blir lite abstrakt f&ouml;r mig. Det inneb&auml;r ju inte n&ouml;dv&auml;ndigtvis en politisk aktivitet, utan en massa olika typer av aktiviteter. Och man deltar ju i samh&auml;llet om man h&aring;ller p&aring; med konst.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag tror att det har funnits ett samh&auml;llsengagemang hos konstn&auml;rer sedan l&aring;ngt tillbaka i tiden. Jag personligen vill f&ouml;rs&ouml;ka att skapa mening i att vara konstn&auml;r. Att utifr&aring;n d&auml;r jag st&aring;r  f&ouml;rs&ouml;ka hitta ett s&auml;tt att kommunicera b&aring;de med v&auml;rlden och konsten som blir meningsfull f&ouml;r mig. Jag tycker att det har varit underbart bra att kunna gestalta det, att hitta en plats d&auml;r man k&auml;nner att det h&auml;r ger n&aring;t, samtidigt som man har en fot kvar i en konstv&auml;rld. Det &auml;r ett svar p&aring; vad jag tror att konsten b&ouml;r vara; n&auml;rvarande i samh&auml;llet. Annars blir den bara en estetisk klyscha och det &auml;r jag helt fr&auml;mmande inf&ouml;r.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEMOKRATI: "K&Auml;NDA FR&Aring;N RADIO"</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Jag skulle bara vilja s&auml;ga att n&auml;r det g&auml;ller "K&auml;nda fr&aring;n radio", aprop&aring; politik, som i sig inte var ett politiskt verk, s&aring; fanns det tydliga politiska uttryck. Vi h&ouml;ll bland annat politiska brandtal. Vi var med i "Klarspr&aring;k" med tv&aring; uttalanden, ett om skattepolitiken och ett kritiskt inl&auml;gg om media d&auml;r vi verkligen gjorde politiska statements inom ramen f&ouml;r verket.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: "K&auml;nda fr&aring;n radio" h&auml;nger ihop v&auml;ldigt mycket med "People in Power" n&auml;r det g&auml;ller fr&aring;gor om demokrati och deltagande i samh&auml;llet. Vi skrev mail-inl&auml;gg till hur m&aring;nga program som helst. Vi best&auml;mde att vi skulle vara seri&ouml;sa, och p&aring; vilken niv&aring; vi &auml;n lade oss skulle vi vara f&ouml;rankrade i oss sj&auml;lva. Vi f&ouml;rs&ouml;kte f&ouml;rh&aring;lla oss till s&aring;v&auml;l "Ketchup" som "Tr&auml;dg&aring;rdsdax".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: I dag l&auml;ste jag ett brev som vi skickade till "Fr&aring;ga doktorn". "Hej, vi heter Annika Drougge och Johan Malmstr&ouml;m. Vi &auml;r tv&aring; konstn&auml;rer i 35-&aring;rs &aring;ldern och anser oss vara vid god h&auml;lsa men vi vet ju att kroppen slits i alla fall och nu undrar vi; hur vet man om man &auml;r frisk? Hur vet man om man &auml;r sjuk och vad &auml;r definitionen p&aring; frisk och sjuk? Vi fr&aring;gade ocks&aring; ett djurprogram; "Vad finns det f&ouml;r ouppt&auml;ckta djur?", bara f&ouml;r att visa p&aring; m&auml;nniskans behov av att kartl&auml;gga allting. Men det var alltid seri&ouml;st och vi f&ouml;rs&ouml;kte alltid hitta ing&aring;ngar, politiska ocks&aring;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Samtidigt var det ju s&aring; att vi gick in i en situation n&auml;r vi hade &aring;lagt oss att f&ouml;rh&aring;lla oss till radiomediet under hela utst&auml;llningsperioden utan att veta vad det skulle inneb&auml;ra. Vi f&ouml;rsatte oss i en situation som vi genomlevde och det var en stor del av verket. Vi var tvungna att konfronteras med att vi m&aring;ste delta och d&aring; fick vi kravet p&aring; oss att ha &aring;sikter. Man kan inte vara passiv i en demokrati f&ouml;r d&aring; faller den.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vad skulle h&auml;nda om alla verkligen deltog i det i stort sett enda interaktiva mediet i Sverige, radion? Vad skulle h&auml;nda om alla hade &aring;sikter och deltog i alla program och var med och utformade dem?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Jag l&auml;ste n&aring;gonstans f&ouml;r l&auml;nge sedan att 80 % av Sveriges befolkning aldrig har kontaktat en myndighet. Jag tyckte det var h&ouml;gst anm&auml;rkningsv&auml;rt och trodde inte p&aring; det d&aring;, och tror fortfarande inte p&aring; det. Det &auml;r ju intressant att t&auml;nka sig vad som skulle h&auml;nda om alla utnyttjade de m&ouml;jligheter som finns i demokratin och alla fick tillg&aring;ng till att utnyttja dem. Skulle demokratin <br />braka samman av det?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det skulle s&auml;kert komma andra krav p&aring; den</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Det finns ju flera f&ouml;rs&ouml;k med kommuner som vill prova direktdemokrati via Internet d&auml;r alla faktiskt kan vara med och fatta beslut. Det &auml;r som om vi &aring;terv&auml;nde till det grundl&auml;ggande demokratibegreppet, fast utan representerad makt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: V&aring;rt projekt h&auml;vdar ju d&auml;r att alla de h&auml;r m&ouml;jligheterna egentligen alltid har funnits, men vad &auml;r det som g&ouml;r att jag, eller andra m&auml;nniskor, inte inte anv&auml;nder de kanalerna fullt ut? Det handlar snarare om en slags mental skolning som m&aring;ste till, en attitydf&ouml;r&auml;ndring. V&aring;rt verk bygger p&aring; att man m&aring;ste ta saken i egna h&auml;nder.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Engagemang och motr&ouml;relser kommer ofta n&auml;r saker f&ouml;r&auml;ndras. Om allt hade varit of&ouml;r&auml;ndrat i samh&auml;llet hade inte folk sett strukturerna. N&auml;r det sker reagerar folk p&aring; nedsk&auml;rningar och inskr&auml;nkningar i friheten</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Samtidigt borde samh&auml;llet bygga p&aring; ett naturligt engagemang fr&aring;n m&auml;nniskorna f&ouml;r att eliminera s&aring;dana kraftiga kantringar genom att man hade mer n&auml;ra till beslutsprocessen. N&auml;r det tas beslut i kommuner uppt&auml;ckter folk det ofta f&ouml;rst efter&aring;t och d&aring; skall de ut och protestera i st&auml;llet f&ouml;r att de kunde ha engagerat sig i kommunalpolitiken redan fr&aring;n b&ouml;rjan.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Man kan v&auml;l uppfatta folkhemmet som en utopi som blev f&ouml;rverkligad och n&auml;r den blivit det s&aring; m&aring;ste den falla. Det &auml;r str&auml;vandet mot sj&auml;lva samh&auml;llsbygget som &auml;r drivkraften. Men det &auml;r ju inte heller s&aring; enkelt. Just det h&auml;r exemplet &auml;r ju en svensk fr&aring;ga och i andra delar av v&auml;rlden har man ju inte haft samma utveckling. Olof Palmes Sverige var ett homogent samh&auml;lle som upplevdes som v&auml;ldigt tryggt. Det var en f&ouml;rebild f&ouml;r hela v&auml;rlden med en v&auml;ldigt medveten bist&aring;nds- och inrikespolitik som Palme representerade, och som &auml;nd&aring; svarade upp mot de str&auml;vanden som skett &auml;nda sen industrialiseringens b&ouml;rjan. Och sedan blev det en kris och jag tror att den h&aring;ller p&aring; fortfarande.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>TEORI OCH PRAKTIK</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">V&aring;rt samtal b&ouml;rjar nu kretsa kring hur den postmoderna teoribildningen p&aring;verkat den politiskt/socialt engagerade konsten och uppdelningen mellan teoretiker och praktiker (l&auml;s: kritiker och konstn&auml;rer) som var en del av &aring;ttiotalets konst.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Den h&auml;r uppdelningen mellan teori och praktik tycker jag &auml;r s&aring; enerverande och improduktiv. Teoretikerna blir ju helt verkningsl&ouml;sa. De kan alltid analysera, men som praktiker. V&aring;rt projekt handlar om en sammansm&auml;ltning av teori och praktik. Det finns egentligen ingen mots&auml;ttning. Att leva som man l&auml;r &auml;r ju ett dilemma om man har en teoretisk &ouml;vertygelse. Vad skall man g&ouml;ra av den?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Jag vet i och f&ouml;r sig inte vad du menar med teoretiker. Vi har ju inte producerat n&aring;gon teori. Jag skulle inte vilja identifiera mig med en teoretiker utan d&aring; tycker jag att det finns andra konstn&auml;rer som &auml;r b&auml;ttre p&aring; att f&ouml;rdjupa sig i teori och producera texter.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Det &auml;r v&auml;l snarare s&aring; att det &auml;r ett genomlevande av n&aring;got som kan uppfattas som teoretiskt, att man fokuserar p&aring; delaktighet eller makt eller moral och g&aring;r in och lever i det. Som m&ouml;tet med Kant, m&ouml;tet med den h&aring;rdkokta moralfilosofin och oss, det var ju d&auml;r sp&auml;nningen l&aring;g. Det f&ouml;rpliktigar ju inte till att l&auml;sa n&aring;got av Kant. N&auml;r man g&ouml;r n&aring;got, det &auml;r d&aring; det syns och det &auml;r d&aring; det blir l&auml;rorikt. Jag tyckte det blev ett f&ouml;r stor glapp mellan den postmoderna teoribildningen och vad man skulle g&ouml;ra det blev tillslut bara en rundg&aring;ng av resonemang i alla fall f&ouml;r mig, n&aring;gon g&aring;ng p&aring; nittiotalet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Det postmoderna handlade ju om distansering, att man tittar p&aring; saker utifr&aring;n och plockar is&auml;r fenomen, vilket konstn&auml;rerna ocks&aring; gjorde med en v&auml;ldigt tydlig distans till verken. Vi g&ouml;r precis tv&auml;rtom, till exempel i v&aring;rt intresse f&ouml;r "Fourier och attraktionskraften", genom att ligga n&auml;ra n&aring;gonting, vilket &auml;r ett mer sensuellt f&ouml;rh&aring;llande till omv&auml;rlden d&auml;r man bjuder p&aring; sig sj&auml;lv och offrar n&aring;gonting. Inte genom ett betraktande p&aring; distans, utan genom att man lever igenom n&aring;gonting. I st&auml;llet f&ouml;r dekonstruktion ett f&ouml;rs&ouml;k att konstruera n&aring;gonting.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi har monterat ner mycket av v&aring;rt eget konstbegrepp, och hamnar ibland i en fil d&auml;r konstpubliken inte riktigt nappar. P&aring; ett plan kanske vi f&ouml;rs&ouml;ker att bryta med vissa f&ouml;rest&auml;llningar inom konsten, en viss estetik, hur den skall exponeras och vilka som beh&ouml;ver betrakta den f&ouml;r att det skall r&auml;knas som konst. S&aring; vi brottas antropologiskt med v&aring;r egen konstn&auml;rsroll men producerar den konst vi &auml;r intresserade av.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Men &auml;ven om man inte pratar om ert f&ouml;rh&aring;llande till konstv&auml;rlden, s&aring; r&auml;knar ni ju er som konstn&auml;rer och era arbeten som konstn&auml;rliga. Ser ni p&aring; era arbeten som konstn&auml;rliga? Jag uppfattar inte att det finns en konflikt d&auml;r.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Vi har haft en massa diskussioner om hur man kan f&ouml;rh&aring;lla sig till konstkontexten och i v&aring;ra verk finns en problematisering i v&aring;rt s&auml;tt att se p&aring; konstn&auml;rsrollen, men jag har inget problem med att s&auml;ga att vi &auml;r konstn&auml;rer. Konstbegreppet &auml;r v&auml;l f&ouml;r&auml;nderligt och vi upplever att vi vill vara med och verka f&ouml;r en utveckling av det.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Vi gick ju i n&auml;stan i exil i b&ouml;rjan av v&aring;rt samarbete, plomberade oss och sa att "det h&auml;r skall inte bli konst". Vi hittade en frizon och d&aring; l&auml;mnar man delvis konsten d&auml;rh&auml;n.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>DEN GODA KONSTN&Auml;REN</strong><br /> <br />ANNIKA: Vi har ocks&aring; f&aring;tt fr&aring;gan om huruvida vi &auml;r goda konstn&auml;rer. Sist vi hade en f&ouml;rel&auml;sning f&ouml;r Konstfacks master-grupp kom en kille fram och fr&aring;gade om vi s&aring;g oss sj&auml;lva som goda konstn&auml;rer och om vi efterstr&auml;vade att vara det.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Jag funderade mycket &ouml;ver det d&auml;r f&ouml;rut och kom fram till att samh&auml;llet alltid anser att konsten st&aring;r p&aring; det godas sida. Konstn&auml;rer startar aldrig krig och d&ouml;dar v&auml;ldigt s&auml;llan n&aring;gon i sitt konstn&auml;rskap.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Konstn&auml;ren har ju varit kopplad till makten genom alla &aring;rhundraden med n&aring;gra undantag, som n&auml;r det g&auml;ller id&eacute;n om geniet som i st&auml;llet f&ouml;r att utpl&aring;na n&aring;gon annan utpl&aring;nar sig sj&auml;lv.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Det skrivs och s&auml;gs hela tiden b&aring;de i media och av konstn&auml;rer sj&auml;lva att konstn&auml;rer vill f&ouml;r&auml;ndra v&auml;rlden och f&ouml;rb&auml;ttra den. Bara h&auml;romdagen l&auml;ste jag n&aring;gon som uttalade sig om det.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Vi deltar i en diskussion om vad samh&auml;llet skall vara &auml;ven om det &auml;r i det lilla, och det samtalet &auml;r n&aring;got gott i sig, n&aring;got positivt. Sedan om man g&ouml;r ett j&auml;vligt provokativt statement s&aring; &auml;r kanske det &auml;nd&aring; en god handling. En konstn&auml;r som Bjarne Melgaard[4] skapar &auml;nd&aring; en diskussion om vad vi vill v&auml;rna om i samh&auml;llet, snarare &auml;n de som erh&aring;ller statligt st&ouml;d f&ouml;r sin verksamhet. Vi kan ta SOC som exempel; vi &auml;r inte rena utan en del av en kulturpolitisk apparat. Jag tycker att det &auml;r sv&aring;rt att veta vad som &auml;r b&auml;st. Om man skall vara en outsider eller inte</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: N&auml;r vi pratar om Bjarne Melgaard. Det &auml;r n&auml;stan s&aring; att man som konstn&auml;r kan g&ouml;ra i princip vad som helst. Bara d&auml;rf&ouml;r att man erbjuder ett annat perspektiv eller st&aring;r f&ouml;r kreativitet, s&aring; st&aring;r man &auml;nd&aring; f&ouml;r n&aring;gonting gott, n&aring;got icke-destruktivt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag upplever att hans verk s&auml;tter i g&aring;ng v&auml;rderingar och reflektioner hos folk.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Handlar det inte om att en konstn&auml;r aldrig kan f&aring; s&aring; mycket makt eller ta sig s&aring; mycket makt att han/hon kan hamna i den situationen att hon/han kan bli betraktad som ond? &Auml;ven om man jobbar med makten och &auml;r anst&auml;lld av kyrkan, Medici-familjen eller Svenska staten? Eller Idi Amin?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Eftersom konstn&auml;ren inte kan ha makt kan hon inte heller vara ond? Konstn&auml;ren h&aring;ller ju inte ytterst i yxan i alla fall. I v&aring;rt arbete till exempel finns det ju goda egenskaper, som intresset f&ouml;r demokrati, som ger uppslag till att f&ouml;rverkliga n&aring;got gott, men v&auml;gen dit har ifr&aring;gasatts ibland. Bara v&aring;rt s&auml;tt att arbeta, att vi g&aring;r ut till folk som inte &auml;r f&ouml;rberedda att bli tillfr&aring;gade, att vissa f&aring;r en lapp i brevl&aring;dan med ok&auml;nd avs&auml;ndare, att de kan oroa sig f&ouml;r att det kommer information till dem som de inte kan tolka, det blir ett orosmoment i sig i en os&auml;ker tid. Bara genom att g&aring; f&ouml;rbi r&aring;dande strukturer skapar man oro hos m&auml;nniskor.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Jag tror att de konstn&auml;rer som var knutna till kommunismen &auml;nd&aring; var uppfyllda av ett slags samh&auml;llsvision, och de trodde att det h&auml;r &auml;r det goda, det h&auml;r &auml;r det r&auml;tta, det h&auml;r &auml;r det b&auml;sta en konstn&auml;r kan g&ouml;ra i dag. &Auml;ven de konstn&auml;rer som verkade i tredje riket var uppfyllda av en vision som de trodde p&aring;. Sen tycker vi n&aring;got annat nu. Om man inte tror p&aring; en &ouml;vergripande allmakt som s&auml;tter normen s&aring; blir det sv&aring;rt att bed&ouml;ma v&auml;rderingarna f&ouml;r det g&aring;r ju konjunkturer i dem med.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JON: Jag skulle vilja &aring;terv&auml;nda till det h&auml;r med konstn&auml;rens f&ouml;rh&aring;llande till makten i dag. Om konstn&auml;ren alltid verkar utan makt, men med maktens beskydd, vilka &auml;r d&aring; samtidens ideologier som konstn&auml;rer st&ouml;ttar med sitt konstn&auml;rskap? Det var till exempel tydligt p&aring; 50-talet att Clement Greenberg och de konstn&auml;rer som han st&ouml;ttade var en del av en politisk strategi med m&aring;let att boosta den amerikanska konsten och exportera den till ett krigsh&auml;rjat Europa och f&ouml;ljden blev bland annat att konstens nya huvudstad blev New York. Jag fr&aring;gar mig om det finns en maktstruktur som man st&ouml;ttar i dag utan att ens vara medveten om det? Id&eacute;n om den oberoende intellektuelle, &auml;r inte det n&aring;got som &auml;r t&auml;tt sammankopplat med ett nyliberalt t&auml;nkande?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">JOHAN: Ibland vill man ju se konstn&auml;rsrollen och alla dessa nyutbildade konstn&auml;rer som sprutas ut i samh&auml;llet som en slags subversiv kraft. Alla konstn&auml;rer som inte lyckas bli stj&auml;rnor och hamnar mellan strukturerna men som &auml;nd&aring; finns d&auml;r, och glider omkring, skulle kunna bilda en kritiskt t&auml;nkande kraft och p&aring; det s&auml;ttet skulle en &ouml;kad kritik av samh&auml;llet uppst&aring;. S&aring; kan det se ut n&auml;r man t&auml;nker positivt. N&auml;r man t&auml;nker negativt s&aring; &auml;r det ju s&aring; att staten, som st&ouml;ttar alla dessa konstn&auml;rer, d&auml;rmed sanktionerar ett okritiskt t&auml;nkande. Och staten g&ouml;r detta med &ouml;ppna &ouml;gon och de vet vad de g&ouml;r. De vill ha det s&aring;.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">ANNIKA: Men det &auml;r fr&aring;gan om det &auml;r konstn&auml;ren i sig sj&auml;lv som &auml;r ett politiskt orosmoment eller om det &auml;r det konstn&auml;ren g&ouml;r. Jag upplevde till exempel. inte under min utbildning p&aring; Konstfack att man ville att konstn&auml;ren skulle ha ett st&ouml;rre samh&auml;llsengagemang eller leda en diskussion om hur vi skall bygga ett b&auml;ttre samh&auml;lle med v&aring;r specifika kunskap om hur man tolkar och gestaltar. Jag upplevde inte att det f&ouml;rdes n&aring;gra s&aring;na diskussioner p&aring; Konstfack alls. Den h&auml;r uppkopplingen mot det som fanns utanf&ouml;r existerade inte utan det handlade om referenser till andra konstn&auml;rer och egna personliga uttryck och det fanns inga inslag alls av n&aring;gra politiska diskussioner.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Noter</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">[1] Se <a href="http://www.soc.nu" target="_blank">www.soc.nu</a><br />[2] Ett av de projekt som drevs inom ramen f&ouml;r SOC.Stockholms verksamhet. Se <a href="http://www.utopianwc.com">www.utopianwc.com</a><br />[3] Se <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_Art" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_Art</a><br />[4] Bjarne Melgaard orsakade skandal med sitt verk "All Gym Queens Must Die" n&auml;r det visade p&aring; Moderna Museet &aring;r 2000. <a href="http://www.snl.no/Bjarne_Melgaard" target="_blank">http://www.snl.no/Bjarne_Melgaard</a></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">&nbsp;</p>]]></description><pubDate>28 Oct 2009 20:33:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=80</guid></item>
<item><title>Article for OBS P1, Konsten och kapitalet</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=79</link><description><![CDATA[<p>Article for Swedish Radio P1 OBS and the series 'Konsten och kapitalet' by&nbsp;Jon Brunberg<br />Broadcasted April 23 2009<br /><a href="http://www.sr.se/webbradio/?Type=broadcast&amp;Id=1661767&amp;isBlock=1" target="_blank">Listen to the broadcast (in Swedish)</a></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">F&ouml;r den som vill ta del av id&eacute;erna bakom arkitektgruppen BAVOs bok <em>Cultural Activism Today</em>, som utg&ouml;r en av startpunkterna f&ouml;r den h&auml;r debattserien, s&aring; rekommenderas ett bes&ouml;k p&aring; deras hemsida. D&auml;r hittar man till exempel artikeln "How much politics can art take?" - "hur mycket politik t&aring;l konsten?" - i vilken BAVO riktar skarp kritik bl.a mot konstn&auml;rer som de anser t&auml;nker och handlar som humanit&auml;ra organisationer. I st&auml;llet f&ouml;rordar gruppen att den socialt engagerade konstn&auml;ren lierar sig med radikal politisk aktivism och avslutar apellen med att uppmana konstn&auml;rerna att g&ouml;ra "en ny anstr&auml;ngning att bli verkligt politiska".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Vill man ta den uppmaningen p&aring; allvar s&aring; m&aring;ste man fr&aring;ga sig vad som menas med det "verkligt politiska" och vad BAVO egentligen strider emot.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jag skulle h&auml;r vilja ta upp den definition av politik som den franske filosofen Jaques Ranci&egrave;re f&ouml;resl&aring;r i sin text <em>Estetiken som politik</em>. Han beskriver h&auml;r det politiska som "ett specifikt rum" och menar att han vill visa "hur politiken &auml;r sj&auml;lva konflikten om detta rum". Rancieres politiska rum kan f&ouml;rst&aring;s som en avskild del av den m&auml;nskliga kulturen med sina egna erfarenheter och konventioner som &auml;r gemensamma f&ouml;r de personer som &auml;r erk&auml;nda och kapabla att definiera rummet. Som jag ser det &auml;r inte dessa personer bara politiker och tj&auml;nstem&auml;n, utan &auml;ven om radikala aktivister och maktens kritiker. Deras kamp om makten &auml;r inneb&auml;r ocks&aring; kampen om definitionen av vad som &auml;r "verkligt" politiskt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I ljuset av Ranci&egrave;res definition av politik syns det mig som om BAVO:s uppmaning till konstn&auml;rerna &auml;r en strid om konstens rum snarare &auml;n politikens. Eller n&auml;rmare best&auml;mt: en strid om det lilla h&ouml;rn av konstens rum som kan betecknas som den politiska konsten. Om man i st&auml;llet ville ta upp kampen om det politiska rummet, varf&ouml;r begr&auml;nsa sig till en viss typ av konstn&auml;rligt aktivism n&auml;r d&ouml;rren till politikens hela spektrum av m&ouml;jligheter st&aring;r p&aring; vid gavel?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Det &auml;r h&auml;r det blir tydligt f&ouml;r mig hur sv&aring;rt det &auml;r att s&auml;rskilja den aktivistiska politiken fr&aring;n den inomparlamentariska. Och jag k&auml;nner mig frestad att fr&aring;ga om man inte som konstn&auml;r i allra h&ouml;gsta grad borde liera sig ocks&aring; med den etablerade partipolitiken? Inte som en ers&auml;ttning f&ouml;r aktivismen utan som dess naturliga pol att ta spj&auml;rn emot eller agera i samklang med. Som en utvidgning av konstens politiska potential.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I de gamla v&auml;stliga liberala demokratierna lyser konstn&auml;rerna med n&aring;gra f&aring; undantag med sin fr&aring;nvaro i politikens finrum. Inte ens 60 och 70 talets politiskt inriktade kulturelit tycks ha velat f&ouml;rvalta den politiska makt som man k&auml;mpade f&ouml;r.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jag fr&aring;gar mig varf&ouml;r? &Auml;r det p&aring; grund av att konstn&auml;rer ser sitt yrkesval som ett avs&auml;gande av politisk makt? &Auml;r det p&aring; grund av att det konstn&auml;rliga rummets ideologi, om man f&aring;r kalla det s&aring;, inte &auml;r kompatibelt med partipolitikens traditionella h&ouml;ger-v&auml;nster skala? &Auml;r det p&aring; grund av att v&auml;ktarna av politikens rum tycks ha v&auml;nt humanvetenskaperna ryggen? Eller &auml;r det helt enkelt d&auml;rf&ouml;r att politiken f&ouml;r m&aring;nga konstn&auml;rer f&ouml;refaller o&auml;ndligt trist och ofri?</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Om man &auml;nd&aring; vill hitta exempel p&aring; konstn&auml;rer som tagit steget fr&aring;n aktivism till maktens korridorer &auml;r det mot v&auml;rldens yngre demokratier man m&aring;ste rikta blicken. H&auml;r finner vi musikern Gilberto Gil som var tongivande i den kulturella Tropicalismo-r&ouml;relsen p&aring; 60-talet, som b&ouml;rjade sin politiska karri&auml;r p&aring; 80-talet och var brasiliens kulturminister mellan 2003 och 2008. Vi har dramatikern och poeten Vaclav Havel vars ryktbarhet som dissident och engagemang i medborgarr&auml;ttsr&ouml;relser som Charta 77 gjorde honom till Tjeckoslovakiens president efter den s.k. "Sammetsrevolutionen" 1989. Och vi har konstn&auml;ren Edi Rama, en av grundarna av den albanska demokratir&ouml;relse som formerades p&aring; konstakademin i Tirana d&auml;r han var professor, en r&ouml;relse som kom att spela en viktig roll f&ouml;r landets frig&ouml;relse fr&aring;n den kommunistiska regimen i b&ouml;rjan p&aring; 90-talet. Han blev sedemera albaniens kulturminister under n&aring;gra &aring;r och &auml;r numera Tiranas st&auml;ndigt omvalde borgm&auml;stare.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Just Edi Rama tycks i sitt borgm&auml;star&auml;mbete ha kunnat integrera sitt politiska arbete med en konstn&auml;rlig autonomi p&aring; ett s&auml;tt som pekar ut en av m&aring;nga m&ouml;jliga v&auml;gar att sm&auml;lta samman konst och politik. I en intervju skall han ha sagt: "Att vara Tiranas borgm&auml;stare &auml;r den h&ouml;gsta formen av konceptuell konst. Det &auml;r konst i sin renaste form".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">P&aring; fr&aring;gan om huruvida den aktivistiska politiska konsten kommit till v&auml;gs &auml;nde skulle jag vilja svara att den tv&auml;rtom inte ens kommit halvv&auml;gs, och att den riskerar att bli st&aring;ende d&auml;r p&aring; halva v&auml;gen s&aring; l&auml;nge som konstn&auml;rer undviker den etablerade delen av politikens rum.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Om den politiska konsten i framtiden i st&auml;llet kan utvidgas att omfatta en m&aring;ngfald av strategier och metoder p&aring; alla niv&aring;er i det politiska rummet s&aring; kommer det kanske bli n&ouml;dv&auml;ndigt att v&auml;nda p&aring; BAVOs fr&aring;ga "hur mycket politik t&aring;l konsten?" och i st&auml;llet formulera den p&aring; f&ouml;ljande vis: "hur mycket konst t&aring;l egentligen politiken?"</p>]]></description><pubDate>05 Apr 2009 16:44:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=79</guid></item>
<item><title>Det polynationella krigsminnesmonumentet</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=77</link><description><![CDATA[<p>/Tidigare opublicerad artikel skriven f&ouml;r ett outgivet nummer av&nbsp;CRAC in Context</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Han r&ouml;r sig smidigt och m&aring;lmedvetet &ouml;ver det v&aring;giga landskapet av stelae (eller block om man s&aring; vill) i gr&aring;, sl&auml;t, finporig betong. Hoppar fr&aring;n det ena blocket till den andra, fyra meter &ouml;ver de m&auml;nniskor som r&ouml;r sig i g&aring;ngarna nedanf&ouml;r honom. N&aring;gra s&auml;kerhetsvakter f&ouml;ljer honom utan att g&ouml;ra allt f&ouml;r mycket v&auml;sen av sig. De &auml;r beordrade att h&aring;lla en l&aring;g profil och inte rya som vakter annars brukar n&auml;r finniga ton&aring;ringar agerar st&ouml;rande i det offentliga rummet. Om nu monument-hopparen &auml;r medveten om vad det &auml;r f&ouml;r ett byggnadsverk han anv&auml;nder p&aring; detta inte helt accepterade s&auml;tt &auml;r f&ouml;rst&aring;s sv&aring;rt att veta, men att han testar gr&auml;nserna f&ouml;r dess anv&auml;ndning &auml;r uppenbart. Annars vet troligen de flesta i den tyska huvudstaden vid det h&auml;r laget att detta f&auml;lt, som best&aring;r av 2711 stelae &auml;r ett minnesmonument till de sex miljoner judar som d&ouml;dades av nazisterna. <br />Vi befinner oss vid Peter Eisenmans Mahnmal der Ermordeten Juden Europas (Minnesmonumentet till Europas m&ouml;rdade Judar, eller r&auml;tt och sl&auml;tt Holocaust-monumentet), ett storslaget projekt som givit f&ouml;rintelsens offer en minnesplats i centrala Berlin, bara ett stenkast fr&aring;n F&ouml;rbundsdagens glaskupol och Brandenburger Tor. Skapandet av denna symboliska plats &auml;r en gest av goodwill fr&aring;n den Tyska statens sida som m&aring;ste betraktas som unik. Jag har i alla fall inte lyckats hitta n&aring;gra andra exempel p&aring; monumentprojekt av samma dignitet som byggts av en nationell regering f&ouml;r att hedra offren f&ouml;r dess f&ouml;retr&auml;dares v&aring;ld. Nu &auml;r kanske f&ouml;rintelsen p&aring; m&aring;nga s&auml;tt ett s&auml;rfall, men det &auml;r tyv&auml;rr l&aring;ngt ifr&aring;n det enda folkmordet i v&auml;rldshistorien. F&ouml;rest&auml;ll er ett lika imposant byggnadsverk f&ouml;r kolonialismens offer mitt i centrala London, f&ouml;r Stalins utrensningar i n&auml;rheten av R&ouml;da Torget i Moskva, eller f&ouml;r den delen ett lika prestigefyllt arkitekturprojekt f&ouml;r offren f&ouml;r det armeniska folkmordet i centrala Istanbul. S&aring;dana projekt f&ouml;refaller vara bortom det t&auml;nkbara. I Berlin &auml;r det en realitet.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">V&auml;gen till uppf&ouml;randet av Holocaust-monumentet har d&auml;remot ingalunda varit en sm&auml;rtfri process, utan kantats av kontroverser och skandaler &auml;nda sedan Helmut Kohl tog &ouml;ver projektet fr&aring;n ett privat initiativ 1994 och gjorde det till en statlig angel&auml;genhet. Bara f&ouml;r att ta ett exempel: n&auml;r det uppdagades att det kemif&ouml;retag som levererade klotterskyddet till monumentet, Degussa, var en av stor&auml;garna i skadedjursbek&auml;mpningsf&ouml;retaget Degesch s&aring; stannade projektet upp med en tv&auml;rbromsning innan saken i november 2003 betraktades som utredd och arbetet kunde fortskrida. Anledningen till skandalen? Degesch var det f&ouml;retag som patenterade och tillverkade Zyklon B som anv&auml;ndes av Nazisterna i utrotningsl&auml;grens gaskamrar. <br />N&auml;r monumentet v&auml;l &ouml;ppnat f&ouml;r allm&auml;nheten i maj 2005, v&auml;ckte det fr&aring;gor av ett annat slag. M&aring;nga journalister fr&aring;gade sig hur man egentligen borde n&auml;rma sig denna skapelse. Vad borde man k&auml;nna? Hur skulle man uppf&ouml;ra sig? Om Peter Eisenmans intention var att monumentets bes&ouml;kare skulle tvingas reflektera &ouml;ver sin egen relation till f&ouml;rintelsen s&aring; verkar han inte ha kunnat lycktas b&auml;ttre med sin &ouml;ppna och avskalade design. Bland m&aring;nga tyskar &auml;r monumentet d&auml;remot inte helt okontroversiellt: - I Berlin &auml;r alla utom tyskarna offer, s&auml;ger en kvinna tyst med ett sammanbitet leende.<br />Fr&aring;gan &auml;r om man &ouml;ver huvud taget kan genomf&ouml;ra ett monumentprojekt av den h&auml;r digniteten utan att kontroverser uppst&aring;r och om inte striderna egentligen &auml;r efterstr&auml;vansv&auml;rda. Vi lever i en tid av massdemokrati med fokus p&aring; individen och i de diskussioner som tenderar att omg&auml;rda monumentprojekt av den h&auml;r digniteten kan konflikterna mellan statens agenda och individens &ouml;nskningar relativt riskfritt spelas ut till fullo.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Bi- och multilaterala krigsminnesmonument</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Peter Tonkin &auml;r rutinerad n&auml;r det g&auml;ller att genomf&ouml;ra monumentprojekt. Denne arkitekt har varit med och ritat flera monument till de australiensiska styrkorna som finns uppf&ouml;rda bland annat i Canberra och London. Jag fr&aring;gar honom vad han anser om m&ouml;jligheten att skapa monument f&ouml;r flera parter i en konflikt, n&auml;r jag intervjuar honom i Sydney vintern 2003. "Visst &auml;r det m&ouml;jligt!", svarar han, "Det m&aring;ste bara representera en harmonisering mellan de tv&aring; sidorna. De m&aring;ste komma &ouml;verens om att skapa ett enda objekt, s&aring; att det blir en manifestation av en &ouml;verenskommelse." F&ouml;rhoppningen om &ouml;verenskommelsens kraft verkar dock bara allt f&ouml;r ofta bli uppf&ouml;rstorad i f&ouml;rh&aring;llande till dess reella m&ouml;jligheter till framg&aring;ng och f&ouml;ljdaktligen &auml;r bilaterala monument en mycket s&auml;llsynt f&ouml;reteelse, om man med detta menar ett monument som legitimerats av de stridande parterna, och som &auml;r avsett att hedra stupade soldater och/eller civila offer p&aring; b&aring;da sidor i en konflikt. Att ge lika mycket uppm&auml;rksamhet till den andra sidans d&ouml;dade som till den egna, &auml;r ett stort steg att ta i en v&auml;rld d&auml;r nationalism och demoniserande av den andre &auml;r oundg&auml;ngliga instrument i v&aring;ldsut&ouml;vandet. <br />De enda exempel som jag har lyckats hitta, trots omfattande efterforskningar, &auml;r "icke-officiella" monument som har skapats antingen av konstn&auml;rer eller fredsorganisationer. S&aring;dana projekt har d&auml;remot debatterats offentligt, exempelvis i Nordirl&auml;ndsk press n&auml;r fredsprocessen mellan nationalister och lojalister inleddes 1996. I samband med det senaste Irak-kriget har framf&ouml;r allt fredsr&ouml;relsen i USA och Storbritannien plockat upp id&eacute;n med bilaterala minnesstrukturer. Det kanske mest intressanta samtida exemplet &auml;r vandringsutst&auml;llningen Eyes Wide Open som turnerat i USA sedan v&aring;ren 2004. Utst&auml;llningen, som arrangeras av organisationen American Friends Service Committee, inkluderar b&aring;de namn p&aring; stupade koalitionssoldater och civila irakier. Av de konstn&auml;rliga projekten kan n&auml;mnas Hilary Gilligans performance Our Trails of the Troubles som genomf&ouml;rdes 1996 i Belfast och Chris Burdens skulptur The Other Memorial som gjordes 1991.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><br />Ett polynationellt krigsminnesmonument</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Jag f&ouml;rest&auml;ller mig att det paradoxalt nog torde vara enklare att konstruera ett globalt monument f&ouml;r alla som d&ouml;dats i konflikter v&auml;rlden &ouml;ver &auml;n bilaterala minnesmonument. I dag finns det en m&aring;ngfald av organisationer som samlar information om d&ouml;dade som skulle kunna anv&auml;ndas som underlag f&ouml;r ett s&aring;dant projekt. Det som saknas &auml;r en organisation som samordnar uppgifterna. The Polynational War Memorial Project, som jag har arbetat med sedan h&ouml;sten 2003, &auml;r ett f&ouml;rslag till hur en s&aring;dan organisation skulle kunna se ut, och hur man skulle kunna formge en plats f&ouml;r den. I centrum f&ouml;r den fiktiva plats som &auml;r t&auml;nkt att bli resultatet, &aring;terfinns namnen p&aring; de 10 miljoner m&auml;nniskor som d&ouml;tt sedan andra v&auml;rldskriget. Den arkitektoniska konstruktion som visar dessa namn m&aring;ste dessutom kunna uppdateras med nya, n&auml;r uppgifter om d&ouml;dade kommer in fr&aring;n v&auml;rldens krigsscener. <br />I antalet namn visar sig projektets monumentalitet: 10 miljoner namn skrivna med 1,4 centimeter h&ouml;ga bokst&auml;ver tar utan vidare upp en v&auml;ggyta som &auml;r cirka 2 km l&aring;ng och 20 meter h&ouml;g. Det &auml;r ett i h&ouml;gsta grad utopiskt projekt i betydelsen att det syftar mot en f&ouml;r&auml;ndring som ligger bortom den nuvarande v&auml;rldens horisont, men inte desto mindre: projektet borde inte vara om&ouml;jligt att genomf&ouml;ra i verkligheten om bara den politiska viljan finns. Den f&ouml;rest&auml;llningen n&auml;rs av de f&ouml;r&auml;ndringar som v&auml;rlden genomg&aring;tt under de senaste sextio &aring;ren, f&ouml;r&auml;ndringar som bland annat inneburit en ny syn p&aring; individens m&ouml;jligheter till reellt inflytande och de m&auml;nskliga r&auml;ttigheterna, ifr&aring;gas&auml;ttandet av nationalstaten, en nyv&auml;ckt tro p&aring; globala l&ouml;sningar och krigens de-statifiering och privatisering.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Fr&aring;gan kompliceras dock av geopolitiska, historiska och kulturella skillnader mellan de olika kontinenterna. I Afrika lever man fortfarande med de linjalr&auml;ta gr&auml;nser som drogs upp efter Berlinkonferensen 1884-85 och efterkrigstidens befrielsekrig som l&ouml;sgjort dem fr&aring;n det koloniala oket har redan avl&ouml;sts av balkaniseringstendenser med en serie blodiga krig som f&ouml;ljd i l&auml;nder som Etiopien, Somalia, Sudan, Rwanda och Uganda. Religionens starka inflytande p&aring; v&auml;rldspolitiken &auml;r en annan tendens som tycks st&aring; i bj&auml;rt kontrast mot den sekul&auml;ra kosmopolitik som mitt projekt delvis f&ouml;ruts&auml;tter. S&aring;dana tendenser m&aring;ste v&auml;vas in i verkets ber&auml;ttelse.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">En annan viktig trend som p&aring;verkar projektets inneh&aring;ll &auml;r det faktum att dagens krig har &auml;ndrat karakt&auml;r. Enligt den tyske statsvetaren Herfried M&uuml;nkler s&aring; skiljer sig de flesta krig som f&ouml;rts sedan Sovjetunionens fall 1989 s&aring; mycket fr&aring;n de senaste &aring;rhundradenas v&auml;pnade konflikter att det finns goda sk&auml;l att kalla dem f&ouml;r "nya krig" [1]. F&aring; av dagens krig utk&auml;mpas mellan stater, utan tenderar snarare att av-statifieras (de-statisized) och i h&ouml;gre grad privatiserade. Akt&ouml;rerna i de nya krigen &auml;r vad M&uuml;nkler kallar para-statliga arm&eacute;er (till exempel ekonomiskt och/eller ideologiskt motiverade rebellgrupper), terroristn&auml;tverk, s&auml;kerhetsf&ouml;retag och legosoldater. De utk&auml;mpas inte n&ouml;dv&auml;ndigtvis f&ouml;r att vinnas och kan d&auml;rf&ouml;r p&aring;g&aring; l&aring;gintensivt i &aring;rtionden samtidigt som de finansieras genom illegal handel med naturresurser och plundring av civila samh&auml;llen.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">D&auml;remot har antalet v&auml;pnade konflikter i v&auml;rlden minskat stadigt under de senaste femton &aring;ren, samtidigt som de blivit mindre d&ouml;dliga [2]. Statistiken g&auml;ller framf&ouml;r allt milit&auml;r personal och civila som d&ouml;dats som en direkt orsak av krigshandlingar, men det finns en baksida. De nya krigen tenderar att sl&aring; s&ouml;nder det civila samh&auml;llet under l&aring;ng tid vilket resulterar i mycket h&ouml;ga &ouml;verd&ouml;dlighetssiffror (excess deaths) bland civilbefolkningen p&aring; grund av indirekta orsaker, som till exempel sv&auml;lt, epidemier och upplopp. Ett av de mer extrema exemplen &auml;r det komplexa krig som f&ouml;rts av en rad olika nationer och rebellgrupper i Demokratiska Republiken Kongo sedan 1988. Enligt en unders&ouml;kning publicerad av den internationella hj&auml;lporganisationen International Rescue Committee i december 2003 kan kriget ha orsakat 3,8 miljoner civila d&ouml;dsfall varav en ytterst liten del kan tillskrivas direkta krigshandlingar [3].</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I dagens krig ber&auml;knar man att i snitt 8 civila f&aring;r s&auml;tta livet till f&ouml;r vaje soldat som d&ouml;das. Under det f&ouml;rsta v&auml;rldskriget var f&ouml;rh&aring;llandet det motsatta. Detta inneb&auml;r att namn p&aring; civila offer nu b&ouml;rjar inta sina platser p&aring; monument v&auml;rlden &ouml;ver. De cenotafer som sattes upp i byar och sm&aring;st&auml;der &ouml;ver hela Europa efter de b&aring;da v&auml;rldskrigen med namn p&aring; stupade soldater, och som d&auml;rmed lyfte fram individens roll i kriget, f&ouml;ljs numera av strukturer som fungerar som minnesplatser ocks&aring; f&ouml;r den &ouml;kande andelen civila d&ouml;dsoffer. Isivivane Freedom Park utanf&ouml;r Pretoria i Sydafrika, Aegis Trusts Genocide Center i Kigali, Bosque de los Asuentes i Madrid och minneskyrkog&aring;rden i Potocari utanf&ouml;r Srebrenica &auml;r bara n&aring;gra exempel.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><br />En fiktiv multifunktionell organisation</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">L&aring;t oss &aring;terv&auml;nda till den fiktiva plats som utg&ouml;r den prim&auml;ra visuella presentationen av The Polynational War Memorial Project. Platsen, som den &auml;r planerad i dag, inneh&aring;ller ett antal byggnadskomplex av monumental karakt&auml;r. Vi pratar med andra ord inte om ett singul&auml;rt monument i egentlig mening utan snarare om en multifunktionell organisation d&auml;r ett monument visserligen st&aring;r i centrum men ingalunda utg&ouml;r den enda fixpunkten.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Formgivningen av de olika byggnadskomplexen kommer till st&ouml;rsta delen att genomf&ouml;ras av inbjudna arkitektbyr&aring;er. F&ouml;rst ut var duon Anders Johansson och Erik Wingqvist p&aring; Testbestudio Arkitekter som i september 2005 formgav det "Interreligi&ouml;sa centret", vars funktion &auml;r att fungera som en andlig plats f&ouml;r kontemplation, konsultation och utbildning i enlighet med den interreligi&ouml;sa tradition som f&ouml;respr&aring;kar samverkan mellan olika religioner. &Ouml;vriga delar av komplexet som &auml;r planerade i dag &auml;r: ett monument f&ouml;r de 10 miljoner civila och milit&auml;rer som d&ouml;dats i krigshandlingar sedan 1946, ett museum, ett universitet med konferensavdelning samt parker f&ouml;r personliga monument. Mobila enheter och lokala avdelningar &auml;r ocks&aring; en n&ouml;dv&auml;ndighet f&ouml;r att f&aring; kunna n&aring; alla de som av en eller annan anledning inte kan resa till en av de sex kopior av monumentet som &auml;r t&auml;nkta att byggas p&aring; sex olika platser i olika delar i v&auml;rlden.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Projektet stannar f&ouml;r min del inte vid skapandet av utopisk arkitektur, utan ambitionen &auml;r ocks&aring; att r&ouml;ra mig in p&aring; akademiska och politiska dom&auml;ner, genom att intervjua personer som arbetar med fr&aring;gor som &auml;r relevanta f&ouml;r arbetet, skriva artiklar, samla in information och st&auml;lla ut verket i sammanhang som inte n&ouml;dv&auml;ndigtvis &auml;r rena konstsammanhang. Kort sagt: att f&aring; verket att fungera tillfredsst&auml;llande b&aring;de i ett renodlat "politiskt rum" s&aring;v&auml;l som i konstens sf&auml;r. Mitt arbete tar d&auml;rf&ouml;r ytterligare ett steg i en multidisciplin&auml;r riktning, d&auml;r alla delar av verket &auml;r legitima: inte bara den visuella presentationen utan ocks&aring; de texter och dokument som verket genererar. I detta arbete har webbplatsen www.war-memorial.net blivit en viktig virtuell knutpunkt.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">I den v&auml;rld som verket skapar finns visserligen en klar och tydlig bild om en serie funktionaliteter knutna till den fiktiva platsen, men min intention &auml;r samtidigt att h&aring;lla d&ouml;rrarna &ouml;ppna f&ouml;r en l&aring;ngsiktig process som f&ouml;rhoppningsvis kan elevera till ett stadium bortom min konstn&auml;rliga kontroll.</p>
<p>Jon Brunberg, Stockholm 2006</p>
<p>The Polynational War Memorial Project drivs med st&ouml;d fr&aring;n Konstn&auml;rsn&auml;mnden och Sveriges Bildkonstn&auml;rsfond. Mer information om projektet kan hittas p&aring; www.war-memorial.net.</p>
<p>Noter: <br />[1] Herfried M&uuml;nkler, The New Wars, Polity Press, 2005<br />[2] Bethany Lacina and Nils Petter Gleiditsch, Monitoring Trends in Global Conflict: a New Data Set of Battle Deaths, Aug 2004<br />[3] Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Results from a Nationwide Survey Conducted September - November 2002. Rapporten kan laddas ned som pdf fr&aring;n <a href="http://www.theirc.org/resources/drc_mortality_iii_report.pdf">http://www.theirc.org/resources/drc_mortality_iii_report.pdf</a></p>]]></description><pubDate>17 Mar 2009 14:38:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=77</guid></item>
<item><title>Freedom Park at Salvokop Hill, Pretoria, SA: OBRA Architects, New York</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=78</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">By: Jon Brunberg | posted: 2005-10-20</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><span class="bred"><a href="http://www.obraarchitects.com/" target="_blank">OBRA ARCHITECTS</a> was founded by Pablo Castro and Jennifer Lee in New York in 2000. The firm has completed many projects including the San Jose Veterans Memorial. In 2003 they were elected one of three winners in the competition for the <a href="http://war-memorial.net/admin/mem_det.asp?ID=175">Freedom Park memorial and museum complex</a> at Salvokop Hill in Pretoria, South Africa. This museum and memorial complex will become South Africa's main post-colonial monument, which will function as a commemorative site for the struggle against apartheid and a symbol for the new South African nation. It will also be a site for gatherings and religious cleansing ceremonies for the country's many ethnical groups. In this interview, which was made by e-mail in October 2005, Pablo Castro explains the concept behind OBRA's proposal and their view on the emotional aspects and the complex issue of remembrance that are immanent in the process of designing memorials relating to conflict. <br /></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">***</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><br /><em>What inspired you to take on the challenge of this particular competition to design the memorial complex on Salvokop Hill?</em> <br /><br />Besides the desire to involve our work in the worthy cause of honoring those who fought against oppression, we were most interested by the nature of the challenge at the heart of the project, namely that of turning memory into built form. Built memory of a kind that can introduce some friction into the process of forgetting, a most understandable process considering the horrific nature of events here being memorialized. We saw, in the intention of creating a memorial structure and recounting the past events in the spatial narrative of a museum, a basic optimistic attitude we felt compelled to endorse. Engaging in this kind of project means confining the events in question to a definitive past, one that has been overcome and is "remembered" from the vantage point of a new shared situation. <br /><br /><em>I find the buildings' beehive-like forms to be quite unusual, from my limited horizon I should add. What was the idea behind the use of that formal element in the design? </em><br /><br />There is a tradition belonging to some African communities of burying the remains of important deceased community members inside the trunk of old baobab trees found in the vicinity. Given their imposing presence in the landscape and vital significance (baobab trees provide for humans and animals in many different ways) and the fact that they live for thousands of years, the ritual provides the deceased with a form of "eternal" life. We felt this tradition provided a fitting and unique model for remembering the martyrs of Apartheid, and we designed the memorial to be a 30 meter hight brick hollowed-out tree trunk in the shape of a baobab. In its void the sun projects a circling parade of the ghostly likeness of the martyrs' faces acid-etched on the glass windows inserted on the walls of the structure. <br /><br /><em>What material would be used for the facade of the buildings?</em> <br /><br />The exterior of all the structures in the project is to be finished in handmade brick. We envisioned the same red dirt of Salvokop Hill to be used as the raw material from which the bricks are to be baked, effecting a literal integration of site and building. This would of course require considerable amounts of labor, but given the relatively high rates of unemployment endemic in some neighboring communities and considering the scale of the project, we regarded this as an opportunity to initiate local residents in a new trade an foster an early emotional bond of interdependence between buildings and people. <br /><br /><em>What solution for the memorial did you propose?</em><br /><br />The memorial stands separately at the end of the spiraling path that defines the ascent to the hill and approach to the structures. It is set at the top of the hill as a "lone tree" surrounded by the proposed "Garden of Remembrance" and facing the museum at the other side of the vast "Gathering Space". The museum in turn is configured as four tree trunks fused together, as if four trees growing in close proximity to each other had in time fused into one. <br /><br />The proposed solution considers the basic quality of memory as a factor of lives spent, as a kind of detritus of the experience of passing time, the dimension of our human awareness. The memorial is built around two different concepts, the first one regarding space and mass, the mysterious aura of presence that characterizes all life and is most moving when conveyed through the expressions of the human face. Here we rely upon the mass of the brick "baobab" and the luminous portraits in constant motion through the space. The second one has to do with time, and relys on the "powering" of the memorial through sunlight and its movement, evoking a new connection to old rituals of cosmic rhythm and, of course, a "materialization" of the passing of time. <br /><br /><em>You also designed a war memorial in San Jose. What is in your opinion the challenge with designing memorials that relates to conflict?</em><br /><br />The Freedom Park project occupies a special place in the body of our work, maybe not so much because of the inherent significance of its proposed content (which it has), but perhaps because it best aligns with the expression of a dimension that is basic to all of our work. This is the aspect that is hardest to capture in words, maybe even it has something to do with the impulse people have to build memorials or, if we can be allowed to go a little bit further, to commission Architecture and expect to get something that transcends simple construction. In the case of memorials or museums, a more secular interpretation of a program fulfilling similar functions, it is easier to find acceptance for the introduction into the project of considerations relating aspects of existence that are perhaps obscure and mysterious to most people in our times and therefore regarded as eccentric and dispensable when discussing most projects. <br /><br />On the other hand, we do share an ambivalence about memorials, monuments and museums, to the extent that they can be seen as an effort to materialize and fix conditions of privilege and power. In that sense, we have tried to disassociate our work from traditional monumentalizing architectural strategies. Choosing instead to focus on fostering a relationship between the built work and found (natural) processes and presences, and also to define the forms as enmeshed in a process of spacial and temporal development in which we have to invest our bodies to comprehend. Curved interpenetrating forms which cannot be exhausted when perceived from stationary points of view and require constant repositioning in three dimensions. These forms are typically equipped with sweeping ramps that enlist visitors as part of the work itself and transcend perspectival experience stretching perception to incorporate changing sound, touch, and muscular exertion. <br /><br /><em>How do you, in the design process, deal with and take into consideration the strong emotional forces that I assume must inevitably be a part of these kind of projects? </em><br /><br />We can perhaps consider that if well understood, all architectural projects should elicit the same kind of emotional forces you mention in relationship to the particular type of project we are discussing here. Architecture has the ability to convey the immanence of lived experience because it proposes as its subject matter the possibility of alternative modes of inhabiting a hollow object and also because its experience must by necessity unfold in time. It then becomes particularly suited to be considered as a metaphor for memory. It is perhaps difficult to say how to address the emotional component of a work that is supposed to touch peoples lives, and we rely on an intuitive process that unfolds in a dialectic of trial and error until we "know" that what we have is good. <br /><br />In his work Marcel Proust made a clear distinction between memoire voluntaire and memoire involuntaire, the former responds to intellectual promptings and retains no real trace of the past experience, presenting the past as irreparably beyond the rescuing efforts of the intelligence. The latter discovers the past as "unmistakably present in some material object, though we have no idea which one it is".</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>READ MORE</strong></p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">At <a href="http://www.obraarchitects.com/work/0301FreedomPark/0301FreedomPark.html">obraarchitects.com</a><br />At <a href="http://war-memorial.net/admin/mem_det.asp?ID=175">war-memorial.net</a></p>]]></description><pubDate>24 Mar 2009 15:30:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=78</guid></item>
<item><title>Memorials are After All Only Symbolic Works of Art</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=72</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">Controversies that appear in connection with the creation process of war memorials are perhaps necessary ingredients in the healing process that follows a severely traumatising war. This process enables discussions regarding the roles of victims and perpetrators, governments and ideologies. You could even argue that it is possible to determine how well a state manages to handle the aftermath of a conflict by analysing the public's reactions to a memorial. <br /><br />This seems to be the case when it comes to the complex situation that the German state and people face in dealing with the atrocities of World War II and how it should be remembered. When you sum up the last weeks events in the German capital of Berlin, which celebrated 60 th anniversary of the end of World War II on the 8th of May, it is the opening of the new Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe (or simply the Holocaust Memorial) in a location very close to the Brandenburg Gate in central Berlin that appears to has gained most attention in German media.<br /><br />The Holocaust Memorial is after all merely a symbolic object, a sculptural construct, and still it has generated a vast amount of news articles over the last few weeks. This is of course an extraordinary memorial. Sixty years after World War II the German government has finally, after much debate, been able to build a memorial to the Jews who were killed in the extermination camps of the Nazis. The value of this symbolic gesture cannot be underestimated. It is after all not often in history that a government has decided to build a memorial to a people that a previous regime tried to exterminate (imagine for example the Turkish Government building a memorial to the victims of the Armenian Holocaust in the middle of Istanbul).<br /><br />The debate generated by the Holocaust Memorial can be traced back to the case with the Neue Wache [1]. The German chancellor Helmuth Kohl outraged both the Jewish community and Conservatives in his own party, CDU, when he declared the Neue Wache as the "National Memorial for the Victims of War and Tyranny" in 1993. Conservative forces found the sculpture, which is the memorial's centrepiece that was originally created by the devoted socialist K&auml;the Kollowitz, to be a flirt with Social Democrats and Socialists. People in the Jewish communities on the other hand were offended by the choice of motif - the Pieta -, which depicts Maria Magdalena holding the dead Jesus in her arms. They argued that the sculpture would only play into the hands of anti-semites who often accuse the Jews to be responsible for the death of Jesus. All fractions accused chancellor Kohl for not consulting them beforehand. Helmuth Kohl made another drastic move only one year later when he dismissed the proposal for a national memorial to the victims of the Holocaust that was elected in an open competition among artists and architects in Berlin. Instead he took over the initiative and announced a new competition, which was won by American architect Peter Eisenman and resulted in the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. It is perhaps not too far-fetched to assume that Helmut Kohl saw an opportunity to correct the mistakes with the Neue Wache, but also the Holocaust Memorial project has been marked by controversies from the start.<br /><br />Now when the Holocaust Memorial is in place it has been criticised for not including other groups that died in the extermination camps. What about the Romas and Sintis? What about the homosexuals and the political dissidents? German nationalists to the extreme right are also complaining loudly that the state is desecrating the remnants of German soldiers and run their own campaign of victimization [2]. The most serious blow to the memorial's legitimacy could however be coming from the Jewish community. After the debacle with Lea Rosh and the now famous tooth that she found in the concentration camp Belzec (which she intends to embed in one of the steles of the Holocaust Memorial [3]), some Jewish leaders have warned that they would consider to recommend Jews not to visit the memorial. This criticism was highlighted when the Israeli Secretary of State, Silvan Shalom, visited Berlin on May 19. Mr Shalom chosed to hold a memorial ceremony in remembrance to the Jewish victims of the Holocaust at the Gr&uuml;newald train station, from where many of Berlin's Jews were deported, rather than at the Holocaust Memorial.<br /><br />The local newspaper Der Tagesspiegel reported: "'The past and the emotions are easier to comprehend at the original sites' said Amit Gilad, spokes-person at the Israeli Embassy in Berlin. Apart from this there is no place allocated at the new stele-field in Mitte where wreaths can be laid and ceremonies held. The secretary of state, Shalom, will however inspect the memorial, but only as a work of art. 'The memorial will find its place in the city', said the spokes-person from the embassy, 'I hope not only as a place to air dogs'" [4].<br /><br />If the Jewish community does not accept the Holocaust Memorial as an important memorial site it will indeed be degraded merely to an exhibit and an enormous sculpture without real symbolic value, and the memorial would rather become a monument for the German people, as a remainder of their part in the Holocaust. And there is even criticism regarding this function of the memorial. How can visitors be able to identify? Some critics say that the memorial is far too concentrated on the victims and that the perpetrators are more or less invisible.<br /><br />The way the memorial is used by a few but loud youngsters only increases the feeling among many that the memorial is becoming an embarrassment for the city of Berlin. When school kids invades the memorial in the daytime it tends to turn into a playground rather than a memorial site where the most hot-headed are challenging the increasingly frustrated guards by leaping from stele to stele. Both the former mayor of Berlin Eberhard Diepgen (CDU, the Christian Democrats) and the present Mayor, Klaus Wovereit (SPD, the Social Democrats) have suggested that visitors should have to pass the underground information centre before entering the stele-field in order to give it a clearer status as a memorial site. [5]<br /><br />A more seemingly absurd question posed in German media concerning the memorial is how it "feels" to visit it. It is as if the journalists themselves grasp for an engaging emotion. Apart from being quite sombre - the grey steles seem to absorb the light - the design is indeed stripped of emotional symbols, even though connotations to grave fields or Jewish cemeteries can easily be made. In the end the design can't in itself wake up emotions among people who have not been affected by the Holocaust one way or another. The strongest emotions are to be found in the hearts of the people that experienced the atrocities, as perpetrators, victims or liberators. The object is in itself numb; the traumas are not. If people are finding the memorial to be "cold", is that not a reflection of their own indifference? I don't know whether Peter Eisenman had all this in mind when he created the design, but in a sense I want to believe that he intended to force visitors to contemplate their personal relation to the Holocaust.<br /><br />In the end the question is if the Holocaust Memorial can help to heal the wounds from the Second World War, if it can comfort the Jewish community, if it can help to create a consciousness among the public about the Holocaust. If the answer is no, it would be very easy to criticise the German government for again failing to create an appropriate memorial. The issue is however much more complex than so. Wouldn't it be we, the people, which have failed to learn something from history?<br /><br />There are people in Germany who are criticising what they call a "remembrance culture" ("Gedenkkultur"), which produces an endless amount of new exhibitions, films and memorials about the Nazi era and the Holocaust, but which fails to put the history in a contemporary context by avoiding completely to address racism and human rights violations in the present. One of those critics is the Professor in Sociology Y. Michael Bodemann who has written several books about the holocaust. The Berlin-based newspaper Die Tageszeitung (TAZ) published an interview with him on Friday May 13, which addresses these issues in a very straightforward way. Professor Bodemann says in the interview that he has an "impression that the Nazi era often is conjured as a distant, mystified, obscure past which serves as an escape route from the present." Professor Bodemann means that many Germans fail to address the issue of racism in contemporary society while being stuck in an unproductive, self-referencing remembrance culture. The holocaust appears to be so special that it is considered obscene to connect it with present events. Bodemann says: "I wish that an attitude would be the consequence of this preoccupation with the Nazi era - for example that people would start to work for the respect of human rights".<br />Professor Bodemann mentions three causes for this growing remembrance culture of which I find the third to be particularly interesting. "The third cause is what seems to be the disappearance of ideas for the future, for utopias, as we used to call them. When you don't expect the future to bring anything good with it, it is easy to get obsessed with the past. The icon for this state of mind is Walter Benjamin's 'Angel of History', which walks backwards into the future turned to the past. The inflated use of this image in Germany is not a coincidence: it reflects resignation and melancholy. Would it not be better to look more into the future, to create new worlds and societies and at least create a bit more of social justice and human dignity?" [6]<br /><br />Professor Bodemann describes a nation that is unable to come to terms with its future, rather than with its past, to which it clings like it was the only support available. I must say that I however found the "Day for Democracy" at June 17th Street on May 7 and 8 to be an attempt to make just that connection between past and present that Bodemann is asking for. My impression from this event was a Germany that wants to address complicated issues in the present with the help of the past. This was the main venue for the 60th anniversary of the war and still, to my surprise, the war felt very distant. Numerous NGO:s and political parties had gathered at the Brandenburger Gate to express their support for democracy and to condemn racism. This attitude was perhaps best expressed in the way the German parliament, the Bundestag, and other governmental institutions advertise and promote democracy and political participation in order to engage the citizens in the political process. They have bitterly learnt from history that democracy is something that does not come natural but that it has to be fought for. <br /><br />-------<br /><br />[1] See <a href="mem_det.asp?ID=105" target="_blank">Neue Wache</a> in the memorial section or <a href="http://www.courses.psu.edu/nuc_e/nuc_e405_g9c/berlin/denkmaeler/neuewache.html" target="_blank">www.courses.psu.edu</a> <br />[2] <a href="http://www.die-kommenden.net/dk/zeitgeschichte/graeberschaendung.htm" target="_blank">www.die-kommenden.net/dk/zeitgeschichte/graeberschaendung.htm</a><br />[3] See <a href="news_details.asp?ID=58" target="_blank">News 2005 05 12</a><br />[4] beim Staatsbesuch kein Gedenken am Mahnmal, Der Tagesspiegel, 19 May 2005, p 8<br />[5] Ibid<br />[6] Die Deutschen haben eine Nazi-Obsession, Die Tageszeitung, 13 May 2005, p 12<br /><br />RELATED ARTICLES:<br />------------------------</p>]]></description><pubDate>13 Mar 2009 14:50:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=72</guid></item>
<item><title>COUNTING THE DEAD - THE IRAQ BODY COUNT PROJECT</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=73</link><description><![CDATA[<p class="rub1" style="text-align: justify;"><em>An interview with John Sloboda, <br />co-founder of the Iraq Body Count.</em><br /><br /><br />When Baghdad was being pummelled with bombs day in and day out shortly after the coalition forces invaded Iraq, in March of 2003, it was obvious that the loss of civilian lives would be extensive, but when I started to search for information on civilian casualties in the press, nothing was to be found: no reports of casualty figures, no estimates, not even from the UN or The Red Cross. The reports coming from the Iraqi Ministry of Defence were treated with deep mistrust by Western media and I only came across their figures in a few news reports (1). The US Ministry of Defense stuck to their media strategy from the first Gulf War and the war in Afghanistan by claiming that the use of so-called high-precision bombs was sparing civilian lives, while at the same time refusing to back up the claim with any data. Concerned journalist's questions were on the contrary met with irritation. It seemed like this was going to be another war where information indicating that civilians were being killed would be kept from the public.<br /><br /><br /><strong>THE IRAQ BODY COUNT PROJECT</strong><br /><br />What I eventually found was a reference in a news article to the Iraq Body Count project (hereafter IBC), along with its web site <a href="http://www.iraqbodycount.org/" target="_blank">www.iraqbodycount.org</a>. A visit to that site proved to be exactly what I was looking for. The name &ldquo;Iraq Body Count&rdquo; may sound macabre, but its significance is explained when one visits the group's web site and finds the now famous comment by US General Tommy Franks, from March, 2003: "We don't do body counts". In contrast to the coalition forces, IBC does indeed count bodies, or to be more precise civilian deaths as a result of the invasion, and they're using an absolutely brilliant method to do so. By extracting and processing data from news reports published by predominantly Western media, they get an estimated minimum and maximum civilian deaths. This is done using a rigorous method that is presented in detail on the web site together with the result of the count. Another important function on the web site is a free web counter, which internet users can download and install on their own web sites. The counter, which displays the estimated minimum and maximum deaths, updates automatically when new data is added to the database at IBC. The counter has been installed on around 70,000 web pages all over the world. It is no exagerration to claim that the impact of the IBC project have been very strong, but it would hardly have been so were it not for the Internet and the massive number of news reports available online.<br /><br />The ingenious thing about this method, in my opinion, is that it is designed in a way that makes it very hard for Western media to question the figures. If the media did question the figures, they would most definitely have to question the reliability of their own reporting. Furthermore, the figures are considered to be on the conservative side of the scale, and are thus easier for Western media to embrace. There are of course critical voices &ndash; and attempts to defame the project in the ongoing propaganda war &ndash; but I really haven't seen any well-argued attacks on the method. Most of the criticism revolves more around the fact that the people doing the counts are not professional researchers than what it is they are doing, which I believe is a sign that the method in and of itself is very hard to dismiss.<br /><br />The very difficulty of an aid organisation&rsquo;s task of doing a survey on the ground in Iraq during the height of the war, combined with the unwillingness of the coalition forces even to discuss the matter, meant that IBC was, for a long time, the only available, trusted source for information about the estimated civilian deaths in the war. My first reaction upon first visiting the IBC web site was that this service must certainly be backed by a large NGO, but after browsing the documents on the site I found that the opposite was the case. This is basically a non-funded project that is run by an independent project group of twenty volunteers from the UK and the US. To find out more about the IBC and the people behind it, I spoke with one of two founding members, Mr. John Sloboda, from his home in the UK. Mr. Sloboda was also kind enough to forward me a copy of the chapter written by him and Mr. Hamit Dardagan, the co-founder of the IBC project, from an anthology edited by Alexander Danchev and John McMillan, entitled "The Iraq War and Democratic Politics", published by Routledge in December of 2004.<br /><br /><br /><strong>THE SOURCE OF INSPIRATION - MARC HEROLD'S RESEARCH</strong><br /><br />How did the project start and where was the method invented and developed? John Sloboda says that the IBC project was inspired by the research done by Marc Herold, who is a Professor of Economics at the University of New Hampshire in the US. Prof. Herold developed this method as a research tool to estimate the number of civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2). John Sloboda read about Marc Herold's research in an article in the UK newspaper <em>The Guardian</em> on Dec 20, 2002, and found it to be "an outstanding piece of work". He'd never seen that kind of research done before, and says that it is likely that Prof. Herold developed the method himself. At that time, John Sloboda had a feeling that the US-led coalition would invade Iraq, and he contacted Marc Herold to tell him that his method should be used in the event that war did indeed break out. The professor said that he couldn't do this himself because of time constraints, but proposed instead that Sloboda should undertake the research and use his method. It turned out that another concerned UK citizen, Hamit Dardagan, had contacted Herold earlier with a similar request, and when John Sloboda told Herold that he needed a partner to be able to start up such a project, Herold suggested a collaboration between the two.<br />No sooner said than done. After intense discussions between Dardagan and Sloboda in January of 2003, they decided to start IBC. They agreed that it was of great importance to design the project in such a way that they could reach a wide audience. By setting up a web site that would be online from day one of the impending war, they could immediately publish their results. The ambition was to be able to collect and publish data only one or two days after an incident had been reported in the news.<br /><br />Sloboda and Dardagan invited around twenty people to form a project team. They recruited friends and colleagues they knew they could work together with and trust completely. This decision was also taken because they knew that they had little time at their disposal, since the war seemed imminent. The members agreed to work with IBC for two years and most of them are still contributing to the project. "It might seem like a peculiar group of people for a research team", says John Sloboda. "It includes for example several musicians, simply because we also work with music and know a lot of musicians". All members work as unpaid volunteers and the project is basically non-funded. Only recently has the group received a few grants that have paid for the cost of running the web site and paying the Internet service provider. Other grants have been connected to specific projects such as writing a chapter for the book mentioned earlier.<br /><br /><br /><strong>THE IRAQ BODY COUNT ONLINE</strong><br /><br />The IBC web site immediately attracted a huge number of visitors. At the height of the war in March, 2003, the web site had up to 150,000 hits a day, and the heavy traffic to the site almost brought their Internet service provider down, and resulted in increased costs for the project group. After the war was declared over in May, 2003, the numbers of visitors dropped to around 10,000 hits per day, but whenever IBC is mentioned in the media, for example when <em>The Lancet </em>report was published the week before the US elections, there is an upsurge of visitors to the site.<br /><br />John Sloboda says that, in contrast to what they had expected, it turned out that in the beginning most visitors were pro-war activists who searched for proof that the so called high-precision bombing campaign in Iraq spared civilian lives as claimed by the coalition forces. When they found that IBC's research instead proved the opposite, they started to bombard the team with thousands of abusive and threatening e-mails, which overflowed the official IBC email accounts. According to John Sloboda this was an orchestrated psychological operation (psyops), which is a specialty of extreme right-wing organisations in the US, with the purpose of demoralizing and distracting the recipients. The project team had to develop countermeasures to avoid the normal e-mail traffic from drowning in the flood of hate-letters. The campaign slowed down dramatically after May of 2003, but they still receive a couple of these e-mails every day.<br /><br />The mainstream media quickly found their way to the IBC web site and started to publish the results of the counts. Even the very same media agencies from which the data had been extracted in the first place, like Reuters, BBC and the Associated Press, have made reference to the IBC counts, something that I find quite absurd. Shouldn't at least the larger press bureaus keep a record of the results of their own reports, as a service to the press at large? John Sloboda says that the media has neither the time nor interest for such collection and analysis of data, as IBC does. I wouldn't be surprised though if press, at least those on the left of centre, adopts this method in the future.<br /><br />The attention has also meant that the team is often asked to comment on major incidents, and is also sometimes asked what should be done to ascertain the exact number of civilian deaths in Iraq. The group has released a document answering such questions, in which they demand that an independent tribunal with members from either the US, the UK, the Iraqi government, the UN, or all of the above should be set up to do a proper count of the total human cost, which implies gathering of reports from all sources available and knocking on every door in Iraq to find out how many civilians lives have been lost.<br /><br /><br /><strong>PUTTING THE METHOD TO WORK</strong><br /><br />The work of collecting and refining data seems to be hard, especially in times when campaigns like that in Fallujah are going on full force. I ask John Sloboda how the group works on a daily basis. "Every day, principal researcher Kay Williams visits Google News Search to find press reports on civilian deaths in Iraq. Google News is an excellent tool for extracting the necessary data but it has to be done several times a day because some news bulletins only stay online for a couple of hours. The press reports of interest are posted on a private bulletin board where a second researcher analyses them and extracts the exact number of killed civilians from each article. No incident will be recorded if it has not been reported by at least two news sources. In the next step, two other members of the team must confirm the numbers by checking the sources before they are finally published. Today, the database includes around 2000 examined press reports, covering 500-600 reported incidents." One of the robust features of the method is that it is designed to avoid the recording of the same incident twice, an otherwise common problem with this type of research.<br />The source material is stored both on a secure server, and in the form of hard copies, so that the counts can easily be verified, which is sometimes necessary. An American newspaper that wanted to publish the IBC figures asked for proof that sources were correctly referenced, and therefore requested digital copies of news reports used as source material for twenty randomly selected incidents recorded in the IBC database. Because of the well-organised catalogue system, team members could effortlessly pick out the requested news reports and send it to the newspaper.<br /><br /><br /><strong>THE FUTURE OF THE IBC PROJECT</strong><br /><br />For how long will this project continue? John Sloboda says that they first planned to run it for two years but that they will continue with the research as long as there are UK and US troops involved in combat in Iraq. Since all members of the IBC are UK or US citizens and since the invasion was the decision of George W Bush and Tony Blair, who funded the war with tax money, with the result that civilians are being killed, they feel that it is their duty, as UK and US citizens, to continue for as long as the war continues.<br /><br />A few days after this interview was conducted, the coalition forces started their campaign on Fallujah and the situation in Iraq has deteriorated quickly since then. It unfortunately looks like the IBC project will have to continue for quite a while. It might even extend its actions. John Sloboda reveals that the project group has already bought the domain name iranbodycount.org should coalition forces decide to invade Iran.<br /><br />It would be interesting to see this method developed on a global level, but John Sloboda says that it is useful only in conflict zones from which there is extensive reporting, as in Afghanistan or Iraq. The current conflict in Sudan is just one example where the method wouldn't be efficient. On the other hand, there are examples where casualty figures are already regularly published, such as in the Al-Aqsa Intifada of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.<br />IBC is not alone today in their effort to count the civilian deaths in the Iraq war. On their web site they have published a survey listing around thirty organisations that are involved in similar research. IBC's conclusion is that a mix of direct research from the ground and indirect research analysing media reports is perhaps the most efficient way of finding out the correct number of deaths. One of the more promising groups they mention is CIVIC, which organised a door-to-door operation staged by around 175 Iraqi researchers, which has collected over 2000 names of civilians killed, a list which is also included in an online memorial-in-progress at the IBC web site, and further described in the article "Cross-National Commemoration in the Iraq War".<br /><br />Sloboda, Dardagan and their co-workers at the IBC project have made a truly amazing effort in their work of establishing the cold, hard facts of the war. When I tell John Sloboda that I'm from Sweden he says that he has visited my country frequently in the past as part of his professional activities, and says he'd love to go again but adds that he has spent the last 18 months counting the dead with no time for travel. Whatever the future for the IBC project holds, the group has brought the work of Marc Herold to the public, reaching hundreds of thousands of people, and I'm absolutely convinced that this method is going to be used and further developed by them or other groups in the future, and that it will indeed be needed. In Sloboda and Dardagan's own words: "It would be optimistic to believe that IBC is about to render itself, and projects like it, obsolete. A commitment from an international body such as the UN or the Red Cross always to undertake such assessments in the future might be an outcome which would incline the activists to hand over the work to the professionals. However, the realists among us believe that no powerful aggressor nation will ever willingly submit to an external agency monitoring the behaviour of its own military. /.../ It is likely that body counts will remain a task for the dissenting civilian population for the foreseeable future. So long as such counts are undertaken with the methodological rigour and transparency that we have shown is possible, then this need not be the serious disadvantage it might seem to be." (3)<br /><br /><br />***<br /><br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;">NOTES</span><br />1) An article on this scepticism can be found in an interview with Mark Burgess, a researcher at the Center for Defense Information in Washington in the article "Number of Iraqi Dead May Be Unknowable" By John M. Broder, <em>The New York Times </em>April 10, 2003. <a href="http://www.musiciansforpeace.org/librarydocs/number.html" target="_blank">http://www.musiciansforpeace.org/librarydocs/number.html</a> IBC's own research shows that the casualty numbers released by the Iraqi MoD was in hindsight quite accurate.<br />2) For more information on Marc Herold's research visit the web pages <a href="http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mwherold/" target="_blank">http://pubpages.unh.edu/%7Emwherold/" </a>, which also includes an online memorial to civilian victims, and <a href="http://www.cursor.org/stories/archivistan.htm" target="_blank">http://www.cursor.org/stories/archivistan.htm </a>.<br />3) John Sloboda and Hamit Dardagan, <em>The Iraq War and Democratic Politics</em>, Edited by Alex Danchev and John MacMillan. Routledge, 2004.</p>]]></description><pubDate>13 Mar 2009 19:05:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=73</guid></item>
<item><title>War memorial by Claes S&#246;rstedt for A10 #12 06</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=76</link><description><![CDATA[<p>/headline/<br />War memorial
<p>/Ingress/ <br />The Swedish artist Jon Brunberg is planning a series of monuments commemorating all humans killed in wars since May 1945.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">/Text/<br />Stockholm (SE) 'A war memorial for all wars' is the subtitle for the artist Jon Brunberg's current project - the Polynational War Memorial. His plan is to place a memorial in Normandy but also to erect full-scale clones around the world - in Africa, South-East Asia, Middle East, North- and South America. Everyone everywhere should be able reach one of the monuments without too much travel and for those unable to do so, a fleet of mobile miniaturized versions will serve them. And of course, the place will be non-hierarchical of ethnicity, religion and military rank. As a typology, the monument usually is an archaic expression, with a scent of the 19th century's focus on victories rather then on victims. It has now been upgraded programmatical and to an urban scale. The War Memorial is planned as a multi-program complex and stretched out on a 2,5 km axis. It probably takes an artist to seriously consider such utopian strategies in a time when superpragmatism has rendered utopias hopelessly unfashionable. Jon Brunberg already has a track record as an utopist and organizer of the Utopian World Championship; staged 2002 and 2005. - I wouldn't consider the physical structure as particular utopian, says Brunberg, any odd project in Dubai outsizes this in scale. What is utopian is rather my ambition of inclusiveness to manifest the millions of individuals.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">In conflicts defined as wars - the academic criteria states interstate or intrastate conflicts with casualties over 1000 persons - ten million persons has been killed since May 1945. As a scale reference, just the inscriptions of the individual names, as in Maya Lin's Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC (1981), of the ten million would generate a ten meter high wall, four kilometres long. Now, Jon Brunberg is not planning a bodoni inscribed granite wall, but considers a more easily updated LED-screen in the main memorial space. Brunberg is as much an artist as a masterplanner in the project, he has outsourced the design (except for two memorial parks) to three different architectural offices and even commissioned a soundtrack from the musician Fred Saboonchi. The program add almost up to a city - institutions, museums, a university, parks, spaces for spontaneous monuments, advanced infrastructure in form of subways and underground highways. Since the complex is not planned as singular monument but as sequence of programs clustered along an axis, the singular monolithic gesture is absent. Testbedstudio(Stockholm) has already designed the Interfaith Centre, Servo(Stockholm, Los Angeles, New York) designs the The Main Memorial and Raumlabor(Berlin) is currently doing the Museum and the university. Although it is clearly an art project where all documentation along the process is part of the work, the ambition is to present the project to the United Nations later next year. And to find interested partners for a perhaps not as hopelessly uneconomic project as one would think(the currently funding is coming from The Swedish Art Grant Committee.) - Mecca is probably the best example of a memorial can create a sustainable economy and growth dependent on advanced logistics, says Brunberg.</p>
<p style="text-align: justify;">Info: www.war-memorial.net, www.brunberg.se</p>
</p>]]></description><pubDate>17 Mar 2009 14:24:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=76</guid></item>
<item><title>WORKSHOP DOSSIN-MECHELEN REPORT</title><link>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=74</link><description><![CDATA[<p style="text-align: justify;">It appears that there is a currently an upswing in Europe for high-profile architechtural projects that commemorate the Holocaust. If Daniel Liebeskind's "Jewish Museum", which opened in Berlin in 1999, was the project that paved the way, Peter Eisenman's "Memorial to Europe's Murdered Jews" (Berlin 2005), confirmed that the time was just right. Other similar projects are currently in progress. The Finnish architects <a href="http://ark-l-m.fi/" target="_blank">Lahdelma &amp; Mahlam&auml;ki</a> recently won the competition for a <a href="http://cms.jewishmuseum.org.pl/index.php?page=1010201001" target="_blank">"Museum for the history of Polish Jews"</a> that will be built in 2008 on the site of the former Warzaw ghetto, and the Belgian city of Mechelen is planning to turn the Nazi concentration camp that was located in the city between 1942 and 1944 into a memorial site. <br /><br />Why are these projects being realized now, when over 60 years have passed since the events took place? (compare with the US where the US Holocaust Museum was dedicated in 1983) I assume that there is currently, among many, a profound concern that the knowledge about the atrocities committed by the Nazis will go lost for coming generations when those that experienced the Holocaust pass away, a concern which is further deepened by current gains by the extreme right in Europe. Perhaps has the time passed also eased the underlying tensions between perpetrators, the silent non-Jewish population, the survivors and relatives to the victims in many European nations, a tension that in many ways has put a lid on the debate about the Holocaust.<br /><br />The project for a memorial site in Mechelen was the main reason that <a href="http://www.architectuur.sintlucas.wenk.be/" target="_blank">W&amp;K Sint Lucas College of Architecture</a> in Brussels arranged an international architectural workshop with the title <a href="http://dossin-mechelen.be/" target="_blank">"Dossin-Mechelen: Thinking the future of symbolic places"</a>, which brought together around 140 master students in Architecture from over 20 European universities (none from Scandinavia though), around 40 tutors and visiting professors, and a series of lecturers on March 13-18. I was there too, invited to speak at the workshop about the "Polynational War Memorial" and to tutor a group of architect students.<br /><br />So, what does this beautiful, historic town has to do with the Holocaust? The city was the first in Europe to build a railway and became the most important railway knot in the region, which was of strategic importance in the Nazis' plan to make Europe "judenrein", and thus the city became the first station for the Jews that were rounded up in Holland and Belgium. Around 25.000 of them were gathered in a concentration camp in Mechelen and from there deported to the work- and extermination camps in the east between 1942 and 1944. Few of them survived.<br /><br />The building that was made into a concentration camp is still standing and is known as the "Dossin-kazerne". It used to serve as barracks for the Belgian army before being taken over by the Nazis in 1942. Today, three wings of the building have been converted into luxury apartments while the fourth, eastern wing, hosts a museum to the Holocaust and the resistance. A small memorial sculpture and a plaque at the eastern entrance are the only visible exterior signs that remind of the deportations. The eastern wing, a former prison across the road and a plot that connects it with a closed monestery are included in the plans for a memorial site. A competition for the design has already been intitiated but it may take years before a result is presented.<br /><br />The main aim with the workshop was apparently to teach a younger generation of architects about the Holocaust but also, I guess, to create some input to the ongoing planning process for the upcoming memorial. It would anyway be a highly inspiring and immensly intense event. The excellently organised workshop kicked off with a series of speakers. Among them were the artist Esther Shalev Gerz and Dr Detlef Hoffmann as well as representatives from Sint Lucas, the Flemish Government Architect, the Jewish community and the city of Mechelen. I presented the Polynational War Memorial project in one the morning plenary sessions.<br /><br />With these lectures and presentations fresh in mind and after a series of visits, most notably to the nearby concentration camp in Breendonk, the students were given a couple of days to complete the complex task to design a proposal for the assigned plot. The 16 students I tutored together with Kristina Kotov and Sophie Laenen, had opted for "mixed media" in their applications to the workshop. As an artist the term "mixed media" feels a bit dated to the late eighties and beginning of the nineties, which saw the emergence of installation- and video art, but in Belgian universities the term is used, if I understood it correctly, as a part of the curriculum that teaches design- and presentation techniques that requires all forms of electronic media. We would in any case form a kind of "experimental" or "media-art-influenced" group, and having that "label" I never expected that we would have anything to do with the selection process that was going on during the workshop. To my joy one of the mixed media groups however won the third prize with a very well tought, executed and presented proposal that included interactive and participatory audiovisual installations.<br /><br />It is not easy to sum up a complex event such as this one, but after spending a lot of time discussing with the students, I sense that the legacy of the specific historic event known as the Holocaust or the Shoa, is bound to become more integrated with subsequent and equally atrocious events by coming generations. The Rwandian genocide showed the world that the Holocaust was not an isolated historic phenomenon and that attempts to annihilate all members of an ethnic group on a massive scale is an issue that has to be firmly dealt with in contemporary society. The experience of the Holocaust is indeed of great importance for an understanding of the mechanisms behind such atrocities. <br /><br />The result of the five days of hard work and inspiring input did perhaps not deliver an answer to the ambitious sub-title of the workshop that requested us all to "think the future of symbolic places", but I am convinced that it started a process among many of those who participated. It definitely gave me a lot to think about.</p>]]></description><pubDate>13 Mar 2009 19:22:00 +0100</pubDate><guid>http://docs.jonbrunberg.com/folio_img.asp?id=74</guid></item>
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